Orientalism in M. Butterfly - 1278 Words

She is petite, submissive, and great in bed, the greatest combination for the perfect woman. Yellow fever is the psychological inclination towards Asian woman that has been expressed by a portion of the male population. This stereotype is a part of orientalism that continues to be discussed amongst today’s society; it is deemed odd or labeled as a fetish. M. Butterfly a Tony Award playwright written by David Henry Hwang consists of ideas related to orientalism through the layers developed in gender identity, global politics and art forms. The play begins in the present 1988 with Rene Gallimard sitting in a Paris prison. Gallimard declares himself as a celebrity, and relishes that his â€Å"fame has spread to Amsterdam,†¦show more content†¦Butterfly does not reflect the complications between the U.S. and China, but certainly depicts secret intelligence being traded among the Chinese from an outlier source, French diplomat Rene Gallimard, who did not realize this dece ption from his â€Å"Perfect Woman†, Song Liling. Before the full context of M. Butterfly can be explored, it is important to establish the oriental stereotype that is expressed in the play. â€Å"Oriental women have long been fetishized into a stereotype; they are depicted as submissive and passive, and are silenced by the double pressure from race and sex†, â€Å"Oriental woman, as Said (1979) states in Orientalism, is usually viewed ―with sexist blinders and serves as ―the creatures of a male power-fantasy† and â€Å"Asians as a whole are considered to be inferior and emasculated, easy targets for exploitations and dominance. Asian woman, always caged and subordinate both in the patriarchic society and in the Oriental rhetoric tradition, are natural subjects for the White‘s desire† (Weilin). This stereotype is still regarded in todays’ society. According to Prof. Dr. Opfermann and Prof. Dr. Wippermann from Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, their thesis Orientalism in Contemporary Asian American Literature - Mounting Madame Butterfly on the Asian American Needle implies that David Henry Hwang had two objectives in mind â€Å"†¦ (1) NegatingShow MoreRelatedButterfly : A Romantic Drama Directed By David Cronenberg1515 Words   |  7 Pages M. Butterfly is a romantic drama directed by David Cronenberg in 1993. This screenplay was based on the written by David Henry Hwang on his play with the same name. Jeremy Irons and John Lone presented as the main characters of this film. The time shown in this film is from 1958, before the outbreak of the Vietnam War; across the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) until 1986, which situated in Beijing, China and Paris. Rene Gallimard as Jeremy Irons, is a diplomat at the French Embassy inRead MoreAnalysis Of Orientalism In Rice Or Song Of Orientalism1000 Words   |  4 Pagesfrom the submissive, the superior form the inferior, and the human from the other human. Orientalism is â€Å"a Western style for dominating, reconstructing, and having authority over the Orient† (Said, 3). An Orient does not choose to be oriental, someone else defines and reinforces the stereotypes that come with being oriental. Notes from a Divided Country, M. Butterfly, and The Vagrants all have traces of orientalism and through these three pieces of literature, they expand on the idea of how the labelRead MoreRacism, Sexism, and Sexuality in M. Butterfly1149 Words   |  5 Pagesseveral points that have already been previously stated. The stereotypes mentioned in M. Butterfly are direct representations of the stereotypes mentioned in the theory. Though M. Butterfly is a major piece that has been directly known for its examples, other shows are known for such examples as well. â€Å"The highly profitable reincarnation of different version of the Butterfly story, from David Belasco’s Madame Butterfly to Alain Boublil and Claude-Michel Schonberg’s Miss Saigon (1989), might well embodyRead MoreAnalysis Of David Henry Hwangs M Butterfly1243 Words   |  5 PagesIn David Henry Hwang’s M. Butterfly exemplifies three keywords that have such a greater meaning: race, gender, and orientalism. â€Å"Race is a social construction†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Hwang) Junaid Rana starts her definition of race by stating it is a social construction, which in itself is mind boggling, because it is true. Race was not an issue when it came down to deciding Ozawa V. United States in 1922 or Thind V. United States in 1923. Rana then goes on to say â€Å"...In which biology and culture are often conflatedRead MoreThe Oriental And Gender Stereotype1230 Words   |  5 Pagesindy Coronado March 2, 15 HILD 7B A10923676 TA: Josh Newton 1:00-1:50 The Oriental and Gender Stereotype M.Butterfly, an opera by David Huang, is recognized as a reexamination of John Luther Long’s Madame Butterfly. During the beginning of the 20th century, Asian and Asian Americans were often perceived to a collective stereotype. Well-defined differences between the American Westerner and the Oriental are undermined in both of these readings as â€Å"the west† is seen as the more masculine region andRead MoreRacism, Sexism, and Sexuality Shown Through M. Butterfly by David Henry Hwang1782 Words   |  8 Pagescomparing them to a woman, or just simply calling their race feminine. The show M. Butterfly by David Henry Hwang is able to express different issues regarding the theory of Orientalism by hiding it amongst several conversations between characters. The play can be seen as highly political because of topics it chooses to discuss despite the fact that the lead character is a diplomat. Though somewhat unrelated; M. Butterfly can even have a certain Brecht-esque quality to it. Because it contains severalRead MoreViolence As A Cleansing Force Essay1686 Words   |  7 Pagesviolence in decolonization: French colonialism is a war force; it has to be beaten by force. No diplomacy, no political genius, no skill can cope with it (Toward the African Revolution 97). The Vietnam War pervades David Henry Hwang s M. Butterfly. It deals with the international politics related to the Vietnam conflicts. In other words, the Vietnam conflicts function as the thematic pivot of the play. Hwang got the motif for the play from a real story reported by The New York Times in whichRead MoreAnalysis Of The Butterfly By David Henry Hwang1929 Words   |  8 PagesLove in M. Butterfly, by David Henry Hwang, is a fantasy. Fantasy, as defined by Teresa De Lauretis, is a â€Å"primary psychic activity, a creative activity that animates the imagination and produces imaginary scenes or scenarios in which the subject is protagonist†(4). Rene Gallimard and his wife Helga are the primary protagonists in their fantasies of love. Gallimard is a French diplomat who gives into his love for the Chinese opera singer, Song Liling. The relationships in this play exemplify a kindRead MoreASAM 5 Notes Essay6590 Words   |  27 Pagesviews these realities as constru cted and thus amenable to acts of revision-including those that transcend ethnic borders to take humanity as their subject.          Lecture 14 Thursday, February 27, 2014 9:28 AM    David H.... Hwang Madame Butterfly On DHH Born in 1957 to Chinese American immigrants in LA Educated at Standford University and the Yale School of Drama Early plays all deal with the immigrant struggle to assimilate and forge a new identity and community The next two playsRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesHistory of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. Black, ed., Modern American Queer

The Crucible By William Miller - 1207 Words

There were many important themes and symbols that I noticed were crucial in Miller’s The Crucible. One theme that was evident in the play was prejudice or intolerance. The play is set in a theocratic society, a form of government in which God or a deity is recognized as the supreme civil ruler, the God s or deity s laws being interpreted by the ecclesiastical authorities. Religion then becomes a strict, severe form of Protestantism or Puritanism. Because of the governmental structure this society, moral and state laws in turn become one and the same: sin and the status of one’s soul becomes the concern of the public. In other words, an individual’s actions and deeds is a reflection on their society. This society does not accept any deviation from the norms of society. Any individual whose life doesn’t conform to views and laws of this society not only affects or threatens public or society, but also poses a threat to the rule of God and true religion. To my understanding of the play, in the town of Salem, everything and everyone either belongs to God or to the devil. If an individual rejects the established laws of their society. Then this act is considered unlawful, meaning that the act of opposition against your society is viewed as satanic or devilish. This division or disagreement functions as the deep rooted logic behind the witch trials. As Danforth says in Act III, â€Å"a person is either with this court or he must be counted against it.† The witch trials represent andShow MoreRelatedThe Crucible By William Miller1185 Words   |  5 PagesCrucible could be defined as a severe test, whereas in The Crucible, all of the townspeople were put to trial when it came to the assumption of witchcraft being used in Salem, Massachusetts. This play was based upon the events that were going on during that time period. During this time it was hard to actually trust someone because they could possibly falsely accuse one for a crime they had nothing to do with. After reading this play, I was able to notice the symbolism that Miller used. One may beRead MoreThe Crucible By William Miller943 Words   |  4 PagesIn the Crucible Abigail Williams is portrayed as a villain for the way she accused innocent people to cover up her affair with john Proctor.However I believe that she may have been innocent considering all the things she done but I don t think she meant any of this to be a big deal till people started flipping out and strange things started happening to the girls . Throughout the story we know that the girls lied and made false accusations against innocent and that there really was no witch craftRead MoreWilliam Miller s The Crucible1262 Words   |  6 PagesWhat are the main differences between the historical witch trials and The Crucible? Which differences do you think Miller took the most freedom with? Why? Which differences do you consider minor? Why? Burns, Margo. Arthur Miller s The Crucible: Fact Fiction. 17th Century Colonial New England. Margo Burns, 18 Oct. 2012. Web. 24 Sept. 2015. The main difference in the historical witch trial and the crucible is the people/characters. Although some names were used that are real peopleRead MoreAnalysis Of Abigail Williams In The Crucible By Arthur Miller886 Words   |  4 PagesArthur Miller’s timeless play, The Crucible, is based off the Salem witch trials that took place in the 1600’s. In The Crucible many characters are introduced to the readers as well as their relationships and interactions with other characters. Miller allows you, as a reader, to feel the emotions each character is feeling, and mostly the chemistry between them. Two characters in the play that had an extreme change of heart toward each other were Abigail Williams and John Proctor. In the beginningRead MoreAbigail Williams in The Crucible by Arthur Miller Essay1710 Words   |  7 PagesAnalyse the ways in which Miller presents the character of Abigail Williams? During this essay I will introduce the main points involved in answering the proposed question. I will explore the certain aspects of Abigail’s personality and how it is an important role in portraying her reasons for her actions. I will also analyse the ways in which Abigail’s personality changes through the progression of the play. I will sum up which points have a bigger effect on her intentions and motivations andRead MoreAbigail Williams, the Villian of The Crucible by Arthur Miller667 Words   |  3 Pagescreate equilibrium in the plot. However, in The Crucible, Arthur Miller did not need to create any such characters. In writing a play based on a historical period of time and the actual Salem Witch Trials, he had no trouble depicting the lowly characters, for they existed. The most wicked one of all, the ringleader and cause of all the deaths, happens to be a teenage girl.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When the inhabitants of Salem first begin questioning her, Abigail Williams tells them that Tituba was influencing her intoRead MoreEssay on Abigail Williams in The Crucible by Arthur Miller822 Words   |  4 PagesArthur Millers play, The Crucible, is about the persecution of people falsely accused of being witches or believing in witches in Salem. Many people die in the village after a series of lies and unjust practices. Abigail Williams, after having had an affair with Proctor, begins this cycle of lies to make her feel more important in Salem. Her character includes both superiority and resentment throughout the play so far and the way she does it shows that she is rebelling against the compressed societyRead MoreAbigail Williams in The Crucible by Arthur Miller Essay613 Words   |  3 PagesIn Arthur Millers play The Crucible Abigail Williams, an unmarried orphan in the Massachusetts town of Salem, incessantly grows more jealous, her desire for vengeance o nly grows stronger, and her selfishness escalates. She repeatedly lies to save herself by denying her involvement in witchcraft. Abigails Jealousy of Elizabeth Proctor intensifies in attempt to realize her desire for Elizabeths husband John Proctor. In order to save herself she accuses the innocent, without any sense of ethicalRead MoreThe Presentation of Abigail Williams in Act I of the Crucible by Arthur Miller1630 Words   |  7 PagesHow does Miller present the character Abigail in Act I? We are first introduced to the ‘strikingly beautiful’ Abigail Williams in Act I of one of Arthur Miller’s most acclaimed works The Crucible. She is a dominant figure in the play who is both malicious and manipulative. She is astute and knows how to use power to her own advantage by all means possible. She is a marvellous antagonist with vengeful desires and vehicle for the mass hysteria which becomes a key theme later in the play. Abigail’sRead MoreAbigail Williams in The Crucible by Arthur Miller Essay3744 Words   |  15 Pages Abigail Williams is the troubled niece of Reverend Parris of Salem. She is an orphan; made so by brutal natives who killed her parents before her very eyes. The witch-hunt begins when Abigail is at the age of seventeen. She has a large role in this novel, especially on these dark events and also her relationship with John Proctor. In my opinion from what I have understood from the text she is a tempestuous character. She is initially perceived as being wild bright and proud. Her character

A Good Man is Hard to Find1 Essay Example For Students

A Good Man is Hard to Find1 Essay Thesis: Bailey and his family discover the hard way just how ironic life can be. II.Grandmother uses many excuses not to go to Florida. III.Clues leading up to the climax. We will write a custom essay on A Good Man is Hard to Find1 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now IV.Grandmother lead family to death. In A Good Man is Hard to Find Flannery OConner tells the story of a family in route to their Florida vacation and the trouble the grandmother gets them in. The grandmother does not want to go to Florida on vacation and tries many methods of changing her son, Baileys mind. Although she tries many methods, none of them have the effect on him she desires. Bailey is as stubborn as his mother, completely shutting the door on every proposition his mother makes. When she finally makes some progress in delaying their travels things go horribly. Bailey and his family discover the hard way just how ironic life can be. The grandmother uses many excuses for the family to go to Tennessee instead of Florida on vacation. The first of her many excuses is The Misfit, a serial killer that has escaped from prison and is headed toward Florida, claiming that she would never take her children anywhere near a man like that. This didnt have the desired effect on Bailey so she explains to him and his wife ho w the children need more variety and they should take the children to see different parts of the world, East Tennessee for example. Once again her plea to Bailey and his wife had no effect. Even after they had left home she continued to try and divert them from their coarse. Finally succeeding when she convinced the children they would like to visit an old plantation home she had visited during her own childhood. There were many clues as to what was unfolding during the story, although one would have trouble noticing them upon initial reading. The first of the clues was, of coarse, the mentioning of The Misfits escaping from prison. As the family was eating at a small restaurant the second clue was given. The owner was discusing with grandmother the criminal nature the society has compared to the old day an example was three men had stolen gas from him only a few days earlier. The next clue came after grandmother and the children persuaded Bailey to turn off the main road in search of the old plantation home. The road had not been driven on in months, suggesting the perfect, deserted, hiding places for escaped prisoners. While traveling down the dirt road grandmother remembered that the house was actually in Tennessee, not Georgia. This caused her to jump, scaring the cat she had hidden in her basket. The cat jumped onto Baileys neck and head causing them to have a major accident. While sitti ng on the bank trying to recuperate from the accident a car drives down the road. Three men get out of the car and once again the grandmother messes up by recognizing one of the men as The Misfit and sealing her families doom. After The Misfit tells her that they had been better off not recognizing him the grandmother completely changes her attitude from complaining and disagreeing with everything to complimenting and agreeing with everything The Misfit said. Her complete change in attitude didnt change the fait of her family as they were all taken into the woods and shot. The ironic thing about this story is the fact that the grandmother did everything in her power to prevent the family from going to Florida and if she would have just gave in and went to Florida her and her family would have never been killed by The Misfit. She even went as far as using The Misfit heading for Florida as a reason they should go to Tennessee instead, its like she jinxed her family. Her final attempt was the one that caused all the trouble, the attempt to visit an old house that she didnt even know where was located. Its ironic how a simple thing like using someone, like an escaped prisoner, as an excuse not to go somewhere can lead to the murder of the entire family by that same person before they can even

My Teenage Life free essay sample

A personal description of teenage issues. This paper is a frank and candid narrative of typical teenage emotional storms and of how this teenager, the writer, weathered one of those storms. It describes the teenagers need for a solid and secure family environment. The teenage years can be wrought with psychological trauma; a combination of peer and parental pressures weigh on the developing young person. I was no exception and experienced the difficulties of adolescence as early as ten years old, when my parents first showed signs of separation. I remember talking to my best friend in the mall one afternoon. She told me her parents were getting divorced. At the time I thought little of it, for several of my other friends parents had already been divorced for years. But for some reason I made a confession: my parents had been fighting a lot, and it was my biggest fear. We will write a custom essay sample on My Teenage Life or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If they got divorced, I wouldnt know whom to live with. If they got divorced, it would have been because Ive been talking back too much, because Im rude and belligerent. Basically, I feared that my world would be shattered.

Slippery Slope Fallacy - Definition and Examples

Slippery Slope Fallacy s In informal logic, slippery slope is a  fallacy in which a course of action is objected to on the grounds that once taken it will lead to additional actions until some undesirable consequence results. Also known as the slippery slope argument and the  domino fallacy. The slippery slope is a fallacy, says Jacob E. Van Fleet, precisely because we can never know if a whole series of events and/or a certain result is determined to follow one event or action in particular. Usually, but not always, the slippery slope argument is used as a fear tactic (Informal Logical Fallacies, 2011). Examples and Observations To judge from the news stories, the entire nation is coming to resemble San Francisco after a heavy rainfall. In the press, the phrase slippery slope is more than seven times as common as it was twenty years ago. Its a convenient way of warning of the dire effects of some course of action without actually having to criticize the action itself, which is what makes it a favorite ploy of hypocrites: Not that theres anything wrong with A, mind you, but A will lead to B and then C, and before you know it well be up to our armpits in Z.(Geoff Nunberg, commentary on Fresh Air, National Public Radio, July 1, 2003)The slippery slope fallacy is committed only when we accept without further justification or argument that once the first step is taken, the others are going to follow, or that whatever would justify the first step would, in fact, justify the rest. Note, also, that what some see as the undesirable consequence lurking at the bottom of the slope others may regard as very desirable ind eed.(Howard Kahane and Nancy Cavender, Logic and Contemporary Rhetoric, 8th ed., Wadsworth, 1998) The Slippery Slope of Voluntary EuthanasiaIf voluntary euthanasia were to be legalized it would prove impossible to avoid the legislation, or, at least, toleration, of non-voluntary euthanasia. Even if the former can be justified, the latter clearly cannot. Hence, it is better that the first step (legalizing voluntary euthanasia) not be taken so as to prevent a slide into non-volunteer euthanasia.(John Keown, quoted by Robert Young in Medically Assisted Death. Cambridge University Press, 2007)The Slippery Slope of Public MuralsI hope the art mural at 34th and Habersham will not be allowed. You open the gate for one, you open it for all and youll have it all over the city. A person wanting to paint on buildings is nothing more than upscale graffiti. More than likely it will go too far.(anonymous, Vox Populi. Savannah Morning News, September 22, 2011)All Politics Takes Place on a Slippery SlopeLogicians call the slippery slope a classic logical fallacy. There’s no reason to reje ct doing one thing, they say, just because it might open the door for some undesirable extremes; permitting â€Å"A† does not suspend our ability to say but not B or certainly not Z down the line. Indeed, given the endless parade of imagined horribles one could conjure up for any policy decision, the slippery slope can easily become an argument for doing nothing at all. Yet act we do; as George Will once noted, All politics takes place on a slippery slope.That’s never been more true, it seems, than now. Allowing gay marriage puts us on the slippery slope to polygamy and bestiality, opponents say; gun registration would start us sliding into the unconstitutional morass of universal arms confiscation. An NSA whistle-blower, William Binney, said last week that the agency’s surveillance activities put us on a slippery slope toward a totalitarian state . . .. And this week we’re hearing a similar argument that President Obama’s decision to arm Syrian re bels, however meagerly, has all but doomed us to an Iraq-style debacle . . .. These critics may be right to urge caution, but in their panicked vehemence, they’ve abandoned nuance and succumbed to summoning up worst-case scenarios. UCLA law professor Eugene Volokh points out that metaphors like the slippery slope often start by enriching our vision and end by clouding it. Decriminalizing marijuana doesn’t have to turn the U.S. into a stoner nation, nor does sending M-16s to Syrian rebels inevitably mean boots on the ground in Damascus. But that’s not to say we shouldn’t watch our footing.(James Graff, The Week. The Week, June 28, 2013) The Slippery Slope of Immigration ReformIn a well-meaning effort to curb the employment of illegal aliens, and with the hearty good wishes of editorialists who ordinarily pride themselves on guarding against the intrusion of government into the private lives of individual Americans, Congress is about to take this generations longest step toward totalitarianism.There is no slippery slope toward loss of liberties, insists Senator Alan Simpson of Wyoming, author of the latest immigration bill, only a long staircase where each step downward must be first tolerated by the American people and their leaders.The first step downward on the Simpson staircase to Big-Brotherdom is the requirement that within three years the federal government comes up with a secure system to determine employment eligibility in the United States.Despite denials, that means a national identity card. Nobody who is pushing this bill admits thaton the contrary, all sorts of safeguards and rhetorical warnings about no t having to carry an identity card on ones person at all times are festooned on the bill. Much is made of the use of passports, Social Security cards and drivers licenses as preferred forms of identification, but anyone who takes the trouble to read this legislation can see that the disclaimers are intended to help the medicine go down. . . .Once the down staircase is set in place, the temptation to take each next step will be irresistible.(William Safire, The Computer Tattoo. The New York Times, Sep. 9, 1982)

Free Essays on Louis Pasteur

Louis Pasteur Louis Pasteur was an example of a truly gifted person who made many wildly diverse discoveries in many different areas of science. He was a world-renowned French chemist and biologist whose work covered the way for branches of science and medicine such as stereochemistry, microbiology, virology, immunology, and molecular biology. He also proved the germ theory of disease, invented the process of pasteurization, fermentation, and developed vaccines for many diseases, including rabies. Pasteur was born on December 27, 1822 in Dole, France, and grew up in the small town of Arbois. As a young boy, Pasteur showed no particular interest in science. His talents were mainly drawing and painting. During his youth, he developed an ambition to become a teacher. During his studies to become a teacher, a chemistry professor, Monsieur Jean-Baptist Dumas, fascinated him. He decided that he wanted to learn to teach chemistry and physics, just like his favorite professor. (Debre, P. Louis Pasteur.) In 1847 he earned a doctorate at the Ecole Normale in Paris, with a focus on both physics and chemistry. Becoming an assistant to one of his teachers, he began research that led to a significant discovery. He found that a beam of polarized light was rotated to either the right or the left as it passed through a pure solution of naturally produced organic nutrients, whereas when polarized light was passed through a solution of artificially synthesized organic nutrients, no rotation took place. If bacteria or other microorganisms were placed in the latter solution, then after a while it would also rotate light to the right or left. From this, he concluded that organic molecules exist in one of two forms, â€Å"left-handed† or â€Å"right-handed† forms. After spending several years researching and teaching at Dijon and Strasbourg, Pasteur moved in 1854 to the University of Lille, where he became the professor of chemistry and dean ... Free Essays on Louis Pasteur Free Essays on Louis Pasteur Louis Pasteur: Greatest Achievements Louis Pasteur was one of the most important scientists of our time. The foundation of our knowledge about health and disease comes from the discoveries of this one man. He made many discoveries and solutions for problems of the every day life that are still in effect today. Pasteur was born on December 27, 1822 in a little town called Dà ´le in the foothills of the Jura Mountains of eastern France. When he was five years old his family moved to Arbois where he grew up with his father, mother, and three sisters. While attending primary school Pasteur was only an average student. Some considered him to be slow because he worked so hard on an exercise problem to make sure that he had the right answer. While in high school Monsieur Romanet, Pasteur’s principal, became interested in Pasteur and began to help him with his studies. With this encouragement Pasteur became a very good student. The principal suggested that he aim to attend Ecole Normale in Paris where he could become a professor at one of the great universities, however his father felt that this was far-fetched and preferred that Pasteur attend a more local school (Burton, 5-7). Although his father had other plans for him, Pasteur had the opportunity to attend a preparatory school in Paris before going on to Ecole Normale, however when he got to Paris he became very homesick and his father soon arrived to take him home. After returning to Arbois Pasteur attended a local school named Besancon where he worked very hard and became one of the top students in his class. In 1842 Pasteur passed the admission tests to attend Ecole Normale however he was rated fifteenth of twenty-two candidates and this was not good enough to satisfy him. He continued to study and finally in 1843 Pasteur sailed through his admission tests and was awarded fourth place among the other candidates (Burton, 7-11). Although Pasteur is sometimes considered to be th... Free Essays on Louis Pasteur LOUIS PASTEUR There is a time in every man's life when he looks to his God, when he looks at his life, when he wonders how he will be remembered. It can happen with age or with tragedy or closeness of death. I am lying here at age 45, not able to feel my left side. Not knowing if this stroke that has befallen me will end my life before the mysteries that I have unlocked can be resolved. I have asked God throughout my life to be able to "...bring a little stone to the frail and ill assured edifice of our knowledge of those deep mysteries of Life and Death where all our intellects have so lamentably failed." (Vallery-Radot, 88) Death is more familiar to me than I care to think... three of my daughters.. .my father.." I have been thinking all day of the marks of affection I have had from him. For thirty years I had been in his constant care, I owe everything to him. When I was young he kept me from bad company and instilled into me the habit of working and the most loyal and best filled life. He was far above his position (tanner) both in mind and in character. The touching part of his affection for me is that it was never mixed with ambition...and yet, I am sure that some of the success in my scientific career must have filled him with joy and pride..."(Vallery-Radot, 119) Science...it is my life..it has brought me a deepness of pleasure that I have always known yet never realized. I remember when I was working on the tartrates, tartaric acid and racemic acid or paratartrate. Tartaric acid was known to rotate light to the right, whereas paratartrate, odly enough, did not affect light in the least. "The fortunate idea came to me to orient my crystals with reference to a plane perpendicular to the observer, and then I noticed that the confused mass of crystals of paratartrate could be divided into two groups according to the orientation of their facets of symmetry. In one group, the facet of symmetry nearer my body was inclined to my r... Free Essays on Louis Pasteur Louis Pasteur Louis Pasteur was an example of a truly gifted person who made many wildly diverse discoveries in many different areas of science. He was a world-renowned French chemist and biologist whose work covered the way for branches of science and medicine such as stereochemistry, microbiology, virology, immunology, and molecular biology. He also proved the germ theory of disease, invented the process of pasteurization, fermentation, and developed vaccines for many diseases, including rabies. Pasteur was born on December 27, 1822 in Dole, France, and grew up in the small town of Arbois. As a young boy, Pasteur showed no particular interest in science. His talents were mainly drawing and painting. During his youth, he developed an ambition to become a teacher. During his studies to become a teacher, a chemistry professor, Monsieur Jean-Baptist Dumas, fascinated him. He decided that he wanted to learn to teach chemistry and physics, just like his favorite professor. (Debre, P. Louis Pasteur.) In 1847 he earned a doctorate at the Ecole Normale in Paris, with a focus on both physics and chemistry. Becoming an assistant to one of his teachers, he began research that led to a significant discovery. He found that a beam of polarized light was rotated to either the right or the left as it passed through a pure solution of naturally produced organic nutrients, whereas when polarized light was passed through a solution of artificially synthesized organic nutrients, no rotation took place. If bacteria or other microorganisms were placed in the latter solution, then after a while it would also rotate light to the right or left. From this, he concluded that organic molecules exist in one of two forms, â€Å"left-handed† or â€Å"right-handed† forms. After spending several years researching and teaching at Dijon and Strasbourg, Pasteur moved in 1854 to the University of Lille, where he became the professor of chemistry and dean ...

Use only english in U.S Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Use only english in U.S - Essay Example se group of people, the action of making English the only language to be officially used in the United States would only turn immigrants against native English speakers. Although forcing new immigrants to only use English would help them adapt to American culture better, it would also take away from their own culture. Many speakers of other languages have no use to learn English because they can get by with speaking their own language. This then weakens American culture because the culture is splintered off in many different directions. However, America has always embraced new immigrants and what they have to offer this country, so taking away their unique culture does not help improve America. In fact, it takes away from their culture and would only seek to serve Americans who have already lived here. Despite the fact that the melting pot of cultures in American would be united if English became the official language, forcing people to use a language that they are not comfortable with would only make them resent the United States and the English language. The guest editorial in the Los Angeles Times refers to a bill sponsored by the Republican representative for Iowa, Steve King, who says that â€Å"English is a unifying force in a multiethnic, multireligious democracy† (â€Å"English Only? Press ‘no’† 2011). It cannot be denied that English binds the United States together. However, one of the greatest things about American society is the freedom to choose, and making immigrants speak English goes against this and the constitution. Also, according to the editorial citizens with weak English skills would struggle to find a place in society (â€Å"English Only? Press ‘no’† 2011). Making English the official language of the United States would have its benefits, but more importantly it would turn new immigrants off American culture. American has always been a nation of immigrants and has embraced them for what they bring to the table, so it makes no sense to

Archaeologys Scientific Exposition of Pompeii Essay

Archaeologys Scientific Exposition of Pompeii - Essay Example Furthermore, as Professor Milner writes in a second article, the location of Pompeii was confirmed in 1595 when excavations for a new aqueduct unexpectedly led to the discovery of Pompeian coins and artifacts (263-4). However, further excavation was rendered impossible due to the fact that the ancient city was buried deep in molten lava, ash and mud which had hardened into over sixty feet of rock. Over the centuries, the gradual evolution of science and technology enabled not only the excavation of Pompeii but an accurate reading of the volcanic eruption and the history of this ancient people.13 While historical journals have popularly set the date of Vesuvius' eruption and the subsequent destruction of Pompeii at 79 AD, geological and scientific data has not been able to establish this as fact. As the geologists and archeologists, Sigurdsson et al. (1985) explain, the dating of the eruption is ascribed to Pliny the Younger who, as an eyewitness to the event, recorded its occurrence as having taken place on 24th August 79 AD. Science, however, has been incapable of conclusively proving the stated since carbon dating technologies, while relatively precise, provide readings within an acceptable margin of error (89). Hence, while carbon dating of the debris proved the eruption to be at least 2000 years old, it has been unable to conclusively establish it at 79 AD (90). Consequently, for the sake of scientific accuracy, the research shall refer to the eruption as having approximately occurred around 79 AD. The evolution of excavation tools led to the resumption of efforts to uncover Pompeii in 1755. However, as explicated by the archeologist, Prof. Wilhelmina Jashemski, the excavation soon stalled and was really unable to cover much, both due to the fact that Pompeii was buried deep in hardened lava and mud and because archaeological tools and know-how were, at that time, underdeveloped and incapable of fulfilling the defined task. A second excavation in 1814 had, due to the evolution of archaeological tools, greater success. It was, at least, able to uncover the southern wall of the Pompeii amphitheater (69-70). However, it is necessary to point out that despite the fact that, within the context of the time, the excavation was considered a success, its results were critically limited. As important as the uncovering of the southern section of the wall was, it was hardly capable of allowing archaeologists to uncover the city's culture and history or recreate the eruption. It was not until the twentieth century that archaeological tools and scientific technology had sufficiently evolved to enable the excavation of this ancient city. By the mid-twentieth century, excavation projects aimed at uncovering the remainder of the amphitheater successfully concluded. Between December 1954 and May 1955, the entirety of the amphitheater was uncovered and the structure that lay beneath the tonnes of hardened mud and lava, held a wealth of information about the city and its culture (Jashemski 69). The

An I.T. System for a Video Rental Store Essay Example for Free

An I.T. System for a Video Rental Store Essay Contents * Choice of Problem * Description of Problem * Investigation and Analysis of Problem * Specification of Solution * Design of Solution * Implementation of Solution: * Resources Required * Data Collection, Capture and Input * Data Verification and Validation * Output Format * Testing of Solution * Documentation of Solution * Evaluation of Solution Choice of Problem I live in large city called London. My Grandfather runs a video shop there under the name Video Rentals LTD. Has a large and varied amount of stock that he finds hard to keep track of. At the moment he employs a card index system but this has its limitations: * Cards often get misfiled meaning that extra time has to be spent refilling and amending lost data. * On average it takes 30 seconds to search for a record, at busy times this is too long. * The shop currently has about 150 customers, which means that to find a record it may take a long time, this will delay the time that it takes to sort through the records and therefore customers may not want to wait that long and may go to another shop. Description of Problem At my grandfathers video shop the current system involves filing all the information in a filing cabinet. This is a manual system as all the data is hand written. I believe that because of this the video shop needs a computerised system, which will make the database better. There will be graphical menu System that will link all the forms and queries together. My database project will allow the shopkeeper to edit, create and delete record details of members, videos and loans. Investigation To find out more about what the database required I phoned my Grandfather. I wanted to know: * The precise objectives of the new system * The problems or weaknesses in the current manual system * The information that needs to be kept on each customer * The required output * The volume of data (e.g. number of existing customers, number of new customers each year/month) * Any hardware or software constraints. My evaluation will be based firstly on whether it works properly, secondly that it is faster in finding a particular video or client than the existing manual system and thirdly that my Grandfather finds it easy to use. Specification of Solution Objectives of the new system * It should take less than thirty seconds to establish whether a customer is already on file. * It should be possible to go directly from the Customer Details form to the entry of a video that that customer has hired, without having to re-enter the customers name, etc. * Data entry should be as fast and as easy as possible, particularly as there are several hundred existing customers and videos to be entered when the system is first installed. * It be able to show who has rented what video and when. * There must be provision for more than one video to be hired at once by the same person. * The new system is required to provide the following information: * A list of all business customers * A list of all customers interested in a certain type of video such as horror, comedy etc. * A list of customers whose numbers of rentals exceeds a given value. * A list of all rentals that are overdue and need chasing. * It should be possible to send a standard letter to selected customers, using criteria mentioned above. * The user must be able to create new letters whenever needed and perform a mail merge to selected customers. * The main menu should be displayed automatically when the database is loaded, and the whole system should be menu driven. Design of Solution A database package will be ideal for implementing the system for my Grandfathers video rental shop. He has requested that it is done in Access 97 so this is the package that must be used. It would probably be possible to implement the system using Visual Basic or another programming language but it would take a lot longer and would involve the owners having to buy more software which is not really necessary, as Access has all the capabilities required. I already have some experience of Access 97 and it is available in my house for development. Using this package it will be possible to: * Set up the necessary tables and relationships * Produce customised input screens, using Visual Basic to automate data entry wherever possible and to perform various validations * Use Visual Basic modules to enable fast searches for a particular customer and past jobs * Design reports as needed * Make and save queries to select certain customers for a mail merge * Implement a customised menu system On starting up the database, I will design it so that you are presented with a main menu that is linked to the client and video databases, which in turn are linked to each other. I will make it so that on each of the forms there are buttons that enable you to scroll between records, delete records and search for records. If you choose to search for a record then you will be prompted to enter the details of the record you want. The database will be menu orientated so I will make a separate options menu that is linked to everything else. The options menu will also contain a help menu that will cover everything that is covered in the user manual. My system will be based on two separate files, one is of the customers and the other is of the videos in stock. Each record in whichever file will only contain one video or customer, and contain fields like name, address, video name, and certificate. The implementation will begin with the design of the database, then data capture forms, entry screens and output screens. Before the database is put in to use I will test the system using a range of valid and invalid data to make sure the system works as it should. I will then create a user manual that will support the system and its functions. Implementation of Solution Resouces Required I have chosen to design and make my database in Access version 97 because this is the program that the final product will be used on. It allows me to create customized data input screens and has a wide range of validation checks available, so unless a good reason transpires for using an alternative program or package, Access will be the first choice of software. In order to run Access 97 and be able to perform a mail merge using Word, a minimum of a Pentium 133 system with 16Mb, wil be required. A faster processor may be needed if the system is going to appear slow in switching between screens and searching for records. When the system is up and running it will take up about 5Mb. The user has a Pentium 300 with 16Mb, which will be perfectly suitable, and similar machines are available for development work in my house at school. My Grandfather is familiar with Word and has good keyboard skills, so should have no problem in entering the data but may need help in doing some of the more complicated functions. In the future he would like to improve his knowledge of Access so that he can perform new queries and reports as the need arises. Data Collection, Capture and Input Three data input forms are needed: 1. Customer Details This form will be used for several purposes so it needs to be able to: * Add a new customer * Look through the current clients and see what videos they have hired. Validations will be performed automatically. The Member ID field will be an integer and letter field so that it is more personalised. Wherever possible default values will be inserted automatically (e.g. most customers are from Ludlow so the relevant fields will default to those values). Tab order will also be used to speed data entry, so each field will have a certain order in which the data is entered. The form will be straightforward and follow in a top-to-bottom order. 2. Video Details This needs basically to be the same kind of layout and make up as the customer details form except that the fields are those to do with the video. I shall use a validation rule for things such as the videos certificate which can only be one of five (18,15,12,PG,U) and have validation text that warns if the data has been incorrectly inputted. 3. Hire Details This form is designed to make the inputting of information much easier and quicker than searching for a customer and ammending the details every time. It just requires you to input the video number and the client number. Everything else is done automatically. If the wrong client or video number is given then a dialogue box comes up telling you so. You will also have the ability to go staright to a clear form so that a new customer can be added or ammended. Validations will be performed automatically. The client number field will be made up of two numbers and a capital letter, 11A for example. All text that is inputted will automatically be put into upper case lettering for ease. A sample of a data capture form is in the appendix. This is how the system will operate: The diagram shows how the menus will be linked. The hire details are entered in and stored to the various tables. Then comes th possibility of ammending a current customer or adding a new one. Data Verification and Validation Access allows you to say what type of data is included in any field, and also allows me to say the maximum length allowed for any particular field. It also gives the possibility of making input masks for the field. The First and Last Name fields will always be text and most names will be shorter than twenty letters. The House Name/ Number field allows for three digits to be put in first eg 112 Orpen Drive. In fields like Sex, Title and Form Of ID, I have coded it so that only the abreviations of the input are required, and even then the input is one of a choice. This speeds up entry time and reduces the possiblilty for error. The input masks and validation rules reduce data being incorrectly inputted, but they do not completey reduces errors. Data such as name and address, can not be validated, so it has to be verified by the user when the information is being entered. This verification involves manually checking each record to ensure accuracy. Output Format I wanted the output in my database to ocupy 3 sections, the visual display forms, the query which was a search output and the mail merge. I will now show that I have completed those task. First of all here is my Main form, which links all the other forms and functions together. Another output would be the members table I Also designed a query to find all the curent videos that are on loan. ID number of Member ID number of DVD ID number of Video Date Out Date In Surname Of Member Name of DVD Name Of Video Old Member Cost She1 dv004 1 25/7/01 27/7/01 Sheppard The Mummy The Fast one Yes à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2.95 My mail merge is contained at the end of this project. User Guide To load the database click on the database file twice quickly (double click) To save the database click file, the save. Or just click on the icon that looks like this. If you require any further help try microsofts built in help progam. Then is one in Help/Microsoft assistant. And also one accesible by pressing the start button. Then on the help file. Testing of Solution I am going to test my database using a variety of correct and incorrect data. In doing this I hope to find any problems with the system, and in doing this finding the solution. The test results for the major tests are shown below. Errors which came to light during the test were corrected and all tests gave expected results. Test 1: test password When the correct password was entered the database opened. Otherwise the following message was displayed: Test 2: Entering client information Client details entered. All different options, defaults and fields were tested during data entry. The tests resulted in some minor changes of the input masks, such as the number of characters allowed in the address field was not big enough for my address. Test 3: Deleting a record A client was deleted and the result were as expected, access alowed me to delte the record, after promiting me in what I was about to do. I also needed to test whether or not my query worked, to do this I first loaded it up. I was asked to type in th date when the video was due back so I typed in 27/11/01 and the query found the following result. As the query found the right result I believe that my query works correctly. Evaluation of Solution By looking at my testing I can conlcude that my database is succesfull, as all the buttons, tables and queries work correctly. If I look at my my evaluation crtitera I can say whether or not I have completeed them. * It should take less than thirty seconds to establish whether a customer is already on file (Query member search) DONE * It should be possible to go directly from the Customer Details form to the entry of a video that that customer has hired, without having to re-enter the customers name, etc. (Relationships) DONE * Data entry should be as fast and as easy as possible, particularly as there are several hundred existing customers and videos to be entered when the system is first installed. (Data flow) DONE * It be able to show who has rented what video and when. (loan table) DONE * There must be provision for more than one video to be hired at once by the same person. IMCOMPLETE * The new system is required to provide the following information: * A list of all rentals that are overdue and need chasing. (Date due back query) DONE * It should be possible to send a standard letter to selected customers, using criteria mentioned above. (Mail merge) DONE * The user must be able to create new letters whenever needed and perform a mail merge to selected customers. (Mail merge wizard) DONE Seeing as I have completed nearly all of my evaluation points I believe that I can say that my database project is a complete success.

The Importance of Weather in Kate Chopins The Storm :: Chopin Storm Essays

The Importance of Weather in The Storm      The Storm, by Kate Chapin, is a short story about two people that have and affair during a storm.   Basically, it’s like this.   The story involves two families, that of Bobinot, Calixta, and Bibi, and Alcee, Clarisse, and their babies.   Calixta is at her house separated from her family due to the storm.   Alcee is separated from his family because they are visiting another town.   The storm brings Calixta and Alcee together and they have an affair.   It s set in a small town in the late 1800s.   A storm can mean many things, both good and bad, and it is important to the story both symbolically and directly.      Ã‚  Ã‚   The storm acts as a catalyst in the story as it causes the events to unfold as they do.   The first real direct effect the storm has in the story is that it is what causes Bobinot and Bibi to stay at the local store to take shelter.   This of course leaves Calixta home alone.   Alcee, we are lead to believe, was out riding his horse somewhere near Calixta s house when the storm started.   This causes him to take shelter there.      Ã‚  Ã‚   Before Calixta got married five years earlier, the two had romantic feelings toward each other.   They rarely saw each other after that, and this what the first time since then that they had been alone together.   Because of the awkward feelings he had, Alcee   expressed an intention to remain outside (666).   This is where the storm, because it is a rather big storm, forces him to go inside.   Once inside it seems harmless conversation would be all that took place.   But alas, the storm once again comes into play.   While Calixta, worried about her family, it looking out the window the storm sends down a huge lightning bolt into a tree nearby.   This causes her to jump and for Alcee to instinctively grab her in his arms.   The storm now comes into play one last time.   As Calixta is nervously pacing around the house (because of the storm), Alcee grabs her shoulders in an attempt to calm her down.   At this point their old feelings become too overwh elming resulting in an affair.   When the storm ends, it symbolizes the end of the affair.   We are never told what Chapin meant by the title   The Storm.

Marketing Changes Your Brain

The reason why I chose the topic for my final paper â€Å"Marketing Changes Your Brain† is because we are constantly surrounded by advertisements on a daily basis to where the government is basically brain washing us from birth to be consumers in this capitalistic society. Also this topic reminds me of one of my favorite professors, Dry. Choc who teaches Sociology at San Diego State University. His lectures were always life changing, and I could tell in the conviction of his voice that he is strongly assassinate about his profession and loves teaching undergrads.One of the main topics of the semester was about consumerism and how it affects us every single day. Statistics show that the average American will come across 5000 different types of advertisements a day (Lecture, Choc). There are millions of ways we come in contact through ads these days including, commercials, posters, covers on food, and etc. What I basically learned in this class was that we should be more aware o f what it meaner to be consumers of Capitalism and to realize how much we have been exploited to be constant consumers.The reason many of us fall for advertisements we see is because many of these companies purposely make their commercials activate a part of the brain's reward/pleasure center. The pleasure center is made up of nucleus acumen's and ventral testament area which the brain receives dopamine (Plotting, Summoning). This reward/pleasure is closely associated when individuals do pleasurable things such eating favorite foods, watching movies, sex, and drugs (Plotting, Summoning).In the module 9 critical thinking, the article explains how the consumption Coca Cola will activate the reward/pleasure center which is another example of why many Americans are addicted to it. It is ironic that Americans in recently years have put so Running head Much money into preventing obesity and childhood obesity yet our government doesn't put any effort into reducing the number of ads we see from these soda companies. Another interesting point that the critical thinking article shows is how smell and auditory senses also have to do with marketing and how we consciously don't even realize it.I can relate myself as when I'm near In-n-Out burger and I can smell the burgers and suddenly want a craving for it. The textbook calls this Subliminal Message where it meaner that our perception is below an absolute threshold where there is less than 50% of it being realized (Plotting, Summoning). Another subliminal message can also be auditory as the text book gives an example of how playing French music will result in people purchasing more French Wine. Subliminal messages can be seen at every store at the mall, such as Hollister.Walk into a Hollister and you will notice how it Just smells like a concreted perfume pit and the ambient lights. However the greatest influences to our brains is culture, another point which Dry. Choc has always brought up in lectures. Advertisement have been a dominant influence in our culture and it is unfortunate that many Americans do not even realize how much our brain is being influenced. Not even Just as adults, advertisements can capture someone at any age. Despite these, I urge many people to make more wiser choices such eating balanced,

Theories of Attachments

Theories of attachment 1) â€Å"cupboard love† theories – psychodynamic/behaviourists 2) The ethological approach 3) Bowlbys evolutionary theory 4) Social learning theory Studying attachments and their loss can help us understand how early relationship experiences can affect later development What is attachment? An intense emotional relationship that is specific to two people that endure over time.Prolonged separation brings stress and sorrow 1, â€Å"cupboard love† theory – psychodynamic theory Sigmund Freud developed a theory of personality, to explain how each person’s personality develops he proposed that attachment grew out of the feeding relationship Key The psychodynamic approach analyses the psyche (your mind) i. e. it breaks down into constituent parts such as the id/ego/superego Psychoanalysts (like Freud) believe that:All babies are born with an innate drive to seek pleasure; Freud called this the pleasure principle Freud said there is a particular structure of the personality that is motivated by this principle: the id The id is the primitive part of our personality, which demands immediate satisfaction; all people pass through psychosexual stages. First stage of psychosexual development is oral, thus babies demand oral satisfaction The mother is the first love object because she feeds the child and so an attachment is formed. Freud saw this the first relationship as the foundation the foundation of all others.Infants attach to their caregivers (usually the mother) because of the caregivers ability to satisfy its instinctual needs. Quality of attachment and future relationships Healthy attachments are formed when the feeder practices to satisfy the infants needs, unhealthy attachments are formed when infants are deprived or over indulged. If the child’s first relationship is loving, the child develops the ability to love, if not, adult relationships will be unsatisfactory Consequences If an infant is deprive d at an oral stage, she/he will become fixated at this stage.Consequently, psychoanalysts stress the value of feeding, especially breast feeding. *research evidence does not supports this theory because the person who provides food does not always become the primary attachment object, evidence against this theory is the same for the learning theory. Learning theory Behaviourists believe that : Infants attach to those who satisfy their psychological/physical needs Learning theorists/behaviourists believe all behaviour is acquired through conditioning: 1)classical conditioning 2)operant conditioning Or through imitation 3)social learning theoryBehaviourism Classical operant 1) Classical conditioning Food (unconditioned stimulus) produces pleasure (unconditioned response) So becomes associated with the person doing the feeding, who then becomes (conditioned stimulus) who now also produces pleasure even when no food. Babies associate caregivers with gratification, and learn to approach caregivers to have their needs met, they feel secure whenever caregiver is present Attachment works both ways Mothers get: Positively reinforced -by the baby smiling and developingNegatively reinforced -by the cessation of crying 2) Operant conditioning Dollard and miller (1950) adopted this principle To incorporate the concept of the mental states, a hungry baby feels uncomfortable creating a drive to reduce to comfort, when a baby is fed the drive is reduced, providing a sense of pleasure ( a reward) Food becomes the primary reinforce because it reinforces behaviour to avoid discomfort so becomes the secondary reinforce (conditioned) Social learning theory Babies learn by imitation, modelling a direct reinforcement.Hay and vespo believe parents deliberately teach their children to love them, by modelling affection parents also teach children in an explicity way to show affection * We learn through association and reinforcement but food may not be the main reinforce Harry Harlow ch allenges behaviourists and psychoanalytic â€Å"cupboard love† theory -study of the rhesus monkey -study of Scottish infants The ethological approach -ethology is the study of animal behaviour, in its natural environment Ethos=habit, manner Ethnologists introduced the concept of â€Å"attachment† ImprintingSome animals such as : sheep, geese for rapid attachments very soon after birth they attach to any moving individual present and follow them ,as if they were their mother. Lorenz (1935) called this imprinting *made geese follow him* Imprinting has: -short term consequences safety -long term consequences reproduction Definition of imprinting The tendency of non-humans to form a strong bond with the first moving object they see typical in precocial (new-born can move around) species like lambs, foals Imprinting doesn’t occur because the caregiver feeds the new-born, e. . goslings which contradicts the â€Å"cupboard love† theory Imprinting is a fixed acti on pattern (fad) i. e. a behaviour that occurs in response to a species – specific stimulus, once imprinting has occurred, it is irreversible Critical period Imprinting must occur within a critical period, if biological characteristics don’t develop at a specific time, then they never will research shows that the critical period can be extended by changing environment Sensitive period Some ethnologists say† instead of a critical period, there is a sensitive period: i. . a time when learning is most likely to happen, will occur most easily but learning can still occur at other times *imprinting in humans* Imprinting research mostly with animals Humans :Klaus and kennels skin to skin hypothesis (1976) There is a sensitive period immediately after birth when bonding can occur through skin-to –skin contact, a year later these mothers and babies had stronger attachments But Goldberg (1983) found that the effects of early contact are small and short-lived

Exoport and Import of Handicrafts Essays

Exoport and Import of Handicrafts Essays Exoport and Import of Handicrafts Essay Exoport and Import of Handicrafts Essay I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my Economics teacher Ms Swati who gave us the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the Policies and Procedures involved in the Export and Import of Handicrafts. It was a great experience to work together in a team and do Research on the actual procedures and documents required for a start.We would also like to thank her for her continuous Support throughout the Creation of this project.Mpingo wood from Tanzania/Mozambique convert it into Handicrafts in Gujarat and Export it to the European Market and The USA. Our main focus is consistent in the customer satisfaction. We have high-quality, on time delivery and competitive price track records with our clients in getting order till order is fulfilled and mainly focus on delivering the order as per the buyer requirements,: We also accept special design orders from our clients to meet any kind of their specific needs. We assure a consistent shi pping of products within a few days of order placement as we have a large labour force and centre located in Gujarat- Kandhla.We work hard to achieve the gamiest level of client satisfaction by continuous up gradation of latest design handicraft items. Our labour Force is a combination of locals from Africa (Makonde Tribe) and India (Labour from Saharanpur). Vision:To be one of the largest Handicraft exporter in India. Expansion Plans:To supple handicrafts in India and Other Asian Markets also. To get in the Manufacturing of Piano, Furniture and Flooring. To get into the market of home accessories. Page | 3 ABOUT THE WOODMpingo is renowned for its beautiful dark coloured heartwood which in the best timber is inky black, but ranges from dark brown to even an indigo-purple tint. It is considered to be the finest of all turnery timbers, cutting most exactly and finishing to a brilliantly polished lustrous surface1. The best quality timber can fetch up to $18,000 per cubic metre. The wo od is also incredibly hard and durable. So hard, in fact, that it blunts axes, and as a result the tree is seldom cut for firewood and is sometimes left standing in fields. It is difficult to saw or plane and cannot be screwed or nailed without first drilling.The Makonde, whose tribal lands straddle the Tanzania-Mozambique border, are particularly renowned for their Mpingo carving. The wood has the ability to survive fire. The carvers have settled in particular in Makonde villages around Dar es Salaam and in the Northern Provinces of Niassa (Mozambique). Carvings are made from an entire piece of the trunk and are therefore limited by the thickness of the trunk. 2 Only the heartwood is used. This is so hard that insects and other vermin cannot attack it. Compared with our own craftsmen, the Tanzanian carver is in the special position that his customers are natives of other parts of the world.He has little direct contact with his public, who make their purchases against the background of a different culture from his. The largest consumers of Mpingo are instrument makers in France, England and Germany and the members of carving co-operatives in Africa, who sell their work world-wide. 3 1 2 (African Blackwood) (Tanzanian Affairs) 3 (African Blackwood Conservation Project) Page | 4 USES OF THE WOOD For making Musical instruments. For making Furniture. For making Handicrafts and toys. PROCESS Firstly the trees are cut down Into Logs. Then the main part that is the Blackwood is drilled out of the log.With the use of drills and other traditional Instruments that the local Africans have been using the Blackwood is carved into suitable shapes as per the market requirements and the special demands of the consumer. For the visuals of the whole Process please refer to the Site: makonde-carvings. info/makonde/carvers. html (Makonde Artists of Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania) Page | 5 TANZANIA/MOZAMBIQUE – IMPORTING NATIONS The reason for choosing Tanzania/Mozambique as impor ting Nations for the processed Timber (Blackwood or Mpingo) is that they are one of the largest Exporter for the wood apart from Kenya.In Kenya, Mpingo is considered to be seriously threatened. There is growing concern among instrument manufacturers that the supplies of high quality wood are becoming limited. Although Mpingo is not likely to become biologically extinct, it is at high risk of becoming locally and commercially extinct. Good Relations between the countries *Trade between India and Tanzania amounted in 2009 – 2010, 31 billion dollars, and India is Tanzanias second largest investor. And also the matter of fact of us having contacts there are also a major reason of choosing them as a suitable Nation for Import of the wood.Page | 6 INDIA – MANUFACTURING NATION Choosing India as A manufacturing Nation has many reasons attached to it. India is one of the important suppliers of handicrafts to the world market. The Indian handicrafts industry is highly labour int ensive cottage based industry and decentralized, being spread all over the country in rural and urban areas. There are various Concessions and Schemes available for the Export of Handicrafts. The availability of labour at a much cheaper cost as compared to other Handcrafts Hub. India especially SAHARANPUR has adequate mount of Skilled labour for the Handicraft Production. Our Target Markets US and Europe have a good relation with INDIA. The rising economy and the Increasing trade relations with the European and Asian Nations, will help us expanding our business in future with other Nations and also flooding the Indian Market with our Products. During April-January 201213, the handicraft exports have grown 22 per cent to $ 2. 3 billion compared to the same period last fiscal. This fiscals $3. 3 billion target for the export of handicrafts is likely to be met on account of growing demand.Indian handicraft industry has shown a substantial growth since 1998-99. Indian handicraft exports tapped a 39. 3 percent growth in January 2013 as exports grew from US$ 178 million in January 2012 to US$ 248 million. 4 4 (Handicraft exports meet $3. 3 billion target for 2012-13, Economic Times) Page | 7 THE USA AND EUROPEAN UNION – EXPORTING NATIONS It is clear from the picture above that The USA and Europe have been the biggest importer for Indian Handicrafts. A rise in demand from the US and European markets has pushed Indias handicrafts exports up by around 22 per cent to USD 369 million in August, 2010.Indias handicraft exports for the corresponding month of August, 2009 stood at USD 303 million Commenting on the matter Export Promotion Council for Handicrafts (EPCH), Chairman Mr Raj Malhotra said, The growth is attributed to Christmas orders, mainly from US and European markets. Further it is worth noting that the US and EU market together account for nearly 70 per cent of the countrys handicraft exports. The export of handicrafts registered a growth of 21. 71 per c ent during the April-August, 2010 period at USD 960 million as compared to the corresponding period a year-ago.Owing to recovery in demand from the US market, India’s handicraft exports surged 13 percent to US$ 256. 8 million in April this year, as against April 2012’s US$ 227. 16 million, Export Promotion Council for Handicrafts (EPCH) data shows. 5 The amount of festivals celebrated in The USA and Europe are the major reason for targeting that market. Also Handicrafts are considered very Prestigious in the Countries which have led to a huge increase In the Demand. 5 (US-AID Handicrafts Market Demand Analysis) Page | 8 PROCEDURE FOR IMPORT 1. ) Getting Import license a.Applying to the controller of imports for getting necessary permission. b. Attaching the following documents with the form:i. ii. Receipt which shows that import license fee has been paid. Certificate from a Chartered Accountant showing the total value of goods to be imported. iii. Verification Certific ate for income tax. c. An import license may be general or specific. A general license allows imports from any country. But specific license allows imports from specific country only. d. Obtaining import quota certificate from the concerned authority.It mentions the maximum quantity of goods which can be imported. 2. ) Earning of foreign exchange Before placing any order, we have to apply to the Exchange Control Department (ECD) of RBI (Indias Central Bank) for the release of requisite foreign exchange. Forwarding the application through our bank. 3. ) Placing the Order Placing the order in the specific Country for the Raw Material- Mpingo wood. 4. ) Despatching letter of credit After getting the confirmation from the supplier regarding the supply of goods, we will requests the bank to issue a Letter of credit in favour of supplier. . ) Appointing C and F Agents Since we are new in the market, in the initial stages we will appoint Carry and Forward agents to take care of the shipmen t. 6. ) Receipt of shipment device Receiving the Shipment Device from the Exporter and tracking the shipment time to time. Page | 9 7. ) Receipts of documents Our bank will receive all the documents from the exporters bank. The documents include bill of exchange, a copy of bill of lading, certificate of origin, commercial invoice, consular invoice, packing list, and other relevant documents. Make Payment to the Bank. 8. Bill of entry a. This is a document required in case of import of goods. A Bill of Entry is the document testifying the fact that goods of the stated value and description in specified quantity are entering into the country from abroad. b. The customs office supplies this form which is prepared in triplicate. Three different colours are used to prepare bill of entry. One copy is retained by custom department, other is retained by port trust and the third will be kept by us. 9. ) Delivery order The clearing agents obtains the delivery order from the office of the ship ping company.The shipping company gives the delivery order only after payment of freight, if any. 10. ) Clearing of goods a. The clearing agent will pay the necessary dock or port trust dues and obtains the port Trust Receipt in two copies. 6 b. He will then approach the Customs House and presents one copy of Port Trust Receipt, and two copies of Bill of. Entry to the customs authorities. c. The customs officer will endorse the Bill of Entry Forms and one copy of Bill of Entry will be handed back. We will then be liable to pay the customs duty and clears the goods. 10. ) Payment to clearing and forwarding agent We will pay the C and F agent. 1. ) Payment to exporter We will ask the exporter to draw a bill of exchange. We will accept the Bill and make a Payment to the Exporter. 6 (Procedure to import goods in India) Page | 10 PROCEDURES FOR EXPORT 1. ) Receiving an order To get registered with various authorities like RBI, income tax authorities, etc. In addition, appoint agents or d istributors for collection of orders from foreign countries. 2. ) Obtaining License and Quota After obtaining order, we will have to secure export license from the government. For this, we will apply to the Export Trade Control Authority and obtain the valid license. . ) Letter of Credit Demanding for LOC, in case it is not attached with the order. 4. ) Fixing exchange rate Since the exchange rate fluctuates from time to time we will fix the Exchange rate with the Importer before the order is processed so that it doesn’t lead to any chaos. 5. ) Foreign exchange formalities Undergoing certain foreign exchange formalities as laid down under exchange control regulations. According to FERA (Foreign Exchange Regulation Act of India) every exporter has to furnish a declaration in the form prescribed for this purpose.The declaration states:a. Foreign exchange earned by way of exports will be disposed in the manner and within the period specified by RBI. b. Negotiations of shipping d ocuments will be through authorised dealers in foreign exchange. c. The payment for goods exported will be collected only through approved method. Page | 11 6. ) Preparation for executing the order Making the necessary arrangements for executing the order. In this respect we will perform the following activities:a. Packing and marking of the goods as per the specifications of the importer. b.Arranging the pre-shipment inspection by the Export Inspection Agency and getting the inspection certificate from it. c. Securing insurance policy from the Export Credit Guarantee Corporation (ECGC) to get protection against the credit risks. d. Obtaining a suitable marine insurance policy, consular invoice and certificate of origin, if required. e. Appointing a forwarding agent for handling the customs and forwarding activities. 7. ) Formalities done by forwarding agent The Forwarding Agent completes the following formalities:a. He obtains the Customs Permit from the Customs Department for expo rting goods. . The Forwarding Agent discloses the details of the goods such as their nature, size, quantity, weight, etc. to the shipping company. c. The Forwarding Agent prepares a Shipping Bill. d. The Forwarding Agent prepares two copies of the dock challans and pays the dock dues. e. The Captain of the ship gets the goods loaded on the ship on the basis of the Shipping Order in the presence of customer officers. f. When the goods are loaded on the ship, the Mate (Vice Captain or the Captain) issues a receipt, called Mates or Captains Receipt. 8. Bill of Landing We will approach the shipping company, presents the Mates Receipt and in exchange receives a document called Bill of Lading. It is an official receipt given by the shipping company as an acknowledgement of the receipt of goods to be transported to the port of destination. It is also a contract for the carriage of goods. It gives full description of goods loaded on the ship, name of the port of destination, etc. Page | 12 9. ) Shipment advice to importer We send Shipment Advice to the importer informing him about the dispatch of the goods.He sends a copy of packing list, commercial invoice and a non-negotiable copy of the Bill of Lading, along with the Advice Note. 10. ) Presentation of documents to the bank We will confirm that we have secured a complete set of the shipping documents namely, the Bill of Lading, Marine Insurance Policy, Certificate of Origin, the Consular Invoice and the Commercial Invoice. Then we will draws a Bill of Exchange on the basis of the commercial invoice. Such a bill may be a D/P (Documents against payment) bill or D/A (Documents against Acceptance) bill.Then we will hand over the documentary bill to our bank. 11. ) Realisation of export proceeds For realisation of export proceeds, we will undergo certain banking formalities and receive the payment in foreign currency by bill of exchange or by bank draft. 7 7 (Procedure to export goods from India) Page | 13 CONCESSIONS AN D EXEMPTIONS There are certain schemes which our company Africa Sanaa is eligible for and which therefore benefit the company as whole and the nation itself by encouraging more exports leading to the betterment of balance of payments.Moreover with such schemes, the handicrafts market specifically in India will finally be able to come out of the decline stage of it and will come back to the market with variety of products with new designs and even leading to multi-city trade which will further in long-term lead to better relations among the countries. The schemes are as follows: 1) EPCG Scheme, FTP (2009-14): has allowed zero duty import of capital goods for handicrafts. India enjoys a comparative advantage and the zero capital goods import facility should go a long way and thus benefit both, the nation and the company itself. ) All handicrafts exports would be treated as special focus products and entitled to higher incentives. In addition to above, 2% bonus benefits under Focus Pro duct Scheme for handicrafts exports and applicable duty drawback on exports of goods are eligible for registered exporters. 3) Registration with the EOU’s: As per the case in June 3rd 2009 â€Å"The handicraft exporters in Moradabad, Jaipur, Jodhpur, Udaipur, Saharanpur and Narsapur are not given fiscal and other benefits as that of EOUs, even though they do business with the outer countries.In this regard, an official from the Export Promotion Council for Handicrafts (EPCH) said that the handicraft exporters should be considered as EOUs as the handicraft units are totally export oriented, who don’t sell any of their products in the domestic market. †8 Therefore, according to Foreign Trade Policy 2009-14, Our Company would like to get registered under the EOU unit so as to prevent getting HIT by the recession as other companies did in the above listed cities. Getting registered under the EOU will therefore help us penetrate the international market without any t hreats and high costs. (Press Information Bureau, Government of India) Page | 14 This information was given by the Minister of State in the Ministry Of Textiles, Smt. Panabaaka Lakshmi in a written reply in the Lok Sabha. 9 CONTAINER DETAILS Dimensions of a 20ft container 10 Inside dimensions (L x W x H) 20ft Standard Container Door opening (W x H) Max payload Capacity 5895 x 2350 x 2392 mm 2340 x 2292 mm 28230 kgs 33 m? Dimensions of a 20ft container 11 Diameter of 1 Log is 1 FT. Length of 1 LOG is 7FT. Total No of logs that the container can hold = 3*8*8 =192 logs 9 Press Information Bureau, Government of India) (Container Specification) 11 (20 ft Container Size: High Cube and Standard Dry) 10 Page | 15 COST ANALYSIS 7ft = Tshs. 130,000 1ft = Solution 110,000 = Tshs. 15714 7 100ft = Tshs. 1,571,400 In terms of Rs. the exchange value is as follows: 1rs = Tshs. 26. 7 = Tshs. 1,571,400 The value of 100ft Mpingo wood in terms of INR is equivalent to Rs. 58,853. Since we are importin g it for Export we won’t have to pay Custom Duty as per the EPCG scheme. Per foot Raw Material cost- 588. 53 SHIPPING CHARGE for 192 Logs is 750 $ = 45000(approx. ), i. e Per log cost = 234. 75 Rs Labour cost/ft = 210 Rs. Total cost of 192 logs = 790,272 Insurance Charge = 2% of 790,272= 15,805 Rs. TOTAL COST INVOLVED PER FT= 210+234+588+12= 1044rs. Page | 16 Selling Price per FT = 1600 RS (Minimum) Profit Per Ft = 1600-1044= 556 RS. TOTAL FOB VALUE= TOTAL EX FACTORY PRICE+ TOTAL OTHER COSTS Total EX factory Price= Production Cost + Profit 790272+282240+200448 =1,272,960=21,216 $ Other Costs= Shipment Charges =750$ Total FOB value= 21966$ Page | 17 CONCLUSION We would like to conclude that we have created a tri- country trade, in which we will be importing the skilled labour and the raw materials i. e.Mpingo wood from Tanzania or Mozambique, Manufacturing it in India in the form of Handicrafts with the help of African Labour and Labour from Saharanpur near the Kandhla Port so to save the Transportation cost and then Exporting the Finished goods to The USA and Europe. We believe that this is the best Time to capture the Handicraft Market as it is booming at a very faster rate all over the globe and especially The USA and Europe and also the matter of fact that the Indian Govt. is supporting the Handicraft Industry in through various Concessions and Exemptions. Page | 18 BIBLIOGRAPHY 20 ft Container Size: High Cube and Standard Dry. n. d.

An Insiders Look At Whats New And Whats Next For CoSchedule

An Insiders Look At Whats New And Whats Next For 2016 has already been an epic year for  . We launched a ton of new features and have more in store before the year is up. We are so excited that we hosted a live demo to show off the new features and talk about what next. Garrett Moon, our CEO and co-founder brought an insiders look and answered your questions. Check out the recording below! Watch This:  4 New Features Launching This Year + 3 You Should Already Be Using!Whats New Your NEW best friend in the social queue: Social Tagging. How to schedule all your social videos directly in . Why your social messages should live in ONE place (and how to end the tedious, repetition of scheduling them one at a time). With a full calendar, its sometimes hard to find things. Our improved search feature will let you find what you need, when you need it. Whats Next Instagram. Yeah thats right! Social Media Automation (We call it ReQueue) Analytics.  Get details on how you messages are performing. An entirely new editing experience. Does this feel like Christmas yet?

Marketing Principles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing Principles - Essay Example These approaches include effective competition through production of superior commodities cost effectively. Key marketing activities involves identifying exceptional consumer needs and tailoring products or services that will best serve their needs (Nellis & Parker, 2006, p). Therefore, producers should scrutinize the available market and identify deficiencies in order to design unique product for that specific market or create a new market for the available products. The marketers should ensure they design goods for specific groups because different people have different requirements for the same products. The products should be designed differently in terms of colour, packaging, size and pricing among other features to meet varying consumer tastes (Fuller, 1997, p.13). For example, Wilkinson has different products for different categories of consumers. This enables them to cover wider market and make greater revenue due to increased sales. Similarly, by designing their products dif ferently, the company is able to satisfy the needs of different clients more effectively. Marketers design marketing activities to satisfy different aspects of consumers needs. These include Products, Price, Place, Promotion, People, Positioning and packaging (Parkin, 2002, p.6). Consumers buy products and services for various reasons and for different purposes. Marketers should understand the needs for consumers in order for them to sell those commodities which consumers want most. They should carryout informative campaign to let consumers know that the products they require are available, and at what price, how to use them (Hill, 1998, p.13). The promotion activities should aim to influence consumer conduct by making them feel that certain product is capable of satisfying a specific need which other products from different sellers are not able to satisfy. Wilkinson has been facing stiff rivalry from other retailer in UK especially supermarket. They have reacted to this rivalry by designing new products for different market (Business Case Studies LLP, 2013). Their main targets today are students hence they are designing products which are more appealing and preferred by students (Dicken, 1998, p. 5). The marketers should ensure the product or services they offer are within the proximity of the potential consumers. For example, in Business Case Studies LLP (2013), Wilkinson has established their outlets close to learning institutions to ensure that students are able to get their products near their institutions when they need them. Wilkinson products are lowly priced to ensure they overcome rivalry and entice the student population in their business. Those products are attractively package to appear presentable to student consumers. Companies should develop different approaches to create, sustain and expand the market of their commodities in order to overcome their rivals in the same market. To achieve this, companies should ensure they have a wide range of co nsumer products in the market in order to win clients from different backgrounds. Wilkinson reacts to varying consumer needs as a retailer of various commodities like food, home, garden, office, and health and beauty products (Business Case Studies LLP, 2013). They sell groceries and supermarket goods to ensure clients get varieties of consumer goods under one roof. When developing a

Team evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Team evaluation - Essay Example Pamela as the organizer also evaluated the working style of each team member for quality performance and high productivity. Team Evaluation There also existed team co-editors, Isabella Hyde and Barbara Holland. Their responsibility was evaluating team work for arising problems or practical errors thus ensuring quality final product. Through the same evaluation they also ensured that structure of the team was in line with the team’s vision. Marion Johnson was selected as the team presenter and her duty was to summarize the vital information for every assignment and establishing the final product. The expectation for the role of the team presenter was to coordinate all team efforts while combining information and relating it to team vision. As a team B member, I really learnt a lot, the most important experience I got from the group was how to work in a team. I learnt how important it is to listen to other people’s views and respect them. The team leaders were very talented people and they helped me realize my abilities as a professional nurse and since them I developed a high level of confidence in my services. However, I faced a few challenges while in the team; at first it was hard for me to work with strangers and I was feeling out of place. Another challenge was how to handle my impatience when it comes to team work, however by the end of it all I was a different person, very patient. Team B was such a good team to work with, however in there are better strategies which if they were put in place the team would have emerged as excellent. One of these strategies is ensuring a well established communication network in which a team member knows where to enquire/report what. Another strategy is ensuring professionalism in nursing practices and learning how to handle patients in a clinical scenario as suggested by Cohen and Cesta (2005). The team processes in this course gave me good lessons for a future health care

Supervision requires the active communication of leadership skills Essay

Supervision requires the active communication of leadership skills that results in a climate where self-motivation takes place - Essay Example Supervision requires the active communication of leadership skills that results in a climate where self-motivation takes place. It is rather important to encourage self-motivation in a workplace since this is the surest way of ensuring that employees perform their task as recommended. Different persons are motivated by different factors and as such achieving self-motivation towards work in a given work environment is in most cases not easy. For instance, a larger proportion of workers in various workplaces are usually motivated by money. Such people will, therefore, in most cases are likely to perform tasks so long as they are assured of payment. Another category of people may be motivated by money but do not like doing work. They will, therefore, try to avoid work by all means. Strict supervision is, therefore, necessary in order for this group to perform tasks properly. The last category involves people who have the passion for work and would thus not only be motivated by money, but rather through doing what they enjoy. Minimum or even no supervision at all is all it takes for work to be done efficiently by this category.

Role of energy in the body Essay Example for Free

Role of energy in the body Essay Energy is necessary to circulate blood, lymph and tissue fluid throughout the body; it is necessary for breathing and taking in oxygen; it is necessary for making new cells for carrying out growth and repair; it is used to transmit nerve impulses so that it can respond to changes in the environment; and it is needed to build different complex molecules such as enzymes and hormones from the simple molecules produced after digestion of food. Cardiovascular system The heart is a muscular pump which forces blood around the body through a system of blood vessels, namely arteries, veins and capillaries. Blood carries dissolved oxygen to the body cells and at the same time removes the waste products of respiration, carbon dioxide and water. However, blood is also important in distributing heat around the body, along with hormones, nutrients, salts, enzymes and urea. It is important that the blood flows in only one direction through the heart so it is supplied with special valves to ensure that this happens. Blood pressure The force blood exerts on the walls of the blood vessels it is passing through is known as the blood pressure (BP). It can be measured using a special piece of equipment called a sphygmomanometer. Blood vessels Arteries and arterioles Arteries leave the heart and supply smaller vessels known as arterioles which, in turn, supply the smallest blood vessels, the capillaries. Arteries usually carry oxygenated blood. The exceptions are the pulmonary and umbilical arteries carrying, respectively, blood to the lungs and placenta in pregnancy for oxygenation. The digestive system The alimentary canal is a tube that extends from the mouth to the anus. It is dilated, folded and puckered in various places along its length. Many glands are associated with the alimentary canal, and have important roles to play in digestion. When food is taken into the mouth it is mixed with saliva, chewed or masticated by the action of the tongue and teeth, rolled into a small ball known as a bolus, and swallowed. This process is called mechanical digestion and is an important part of physically breaking the food down at an early stage. The salivary glands Three pairs of salivary glands pour their secretions known as saliva into the mouth. Saliva, a digestive juice, contains an enzyme known as salivary amylase, which begins the digestion of carbohydrates as well as lubricating the mouth and helping bolus formation. The stomach The stomach is the widest part of the alimentary canal. Food can stay in the stomach for up to three hours, with a protein meal remaining the longest and food not containing protein passing through relatively quickly. During this time, the strong stomach walls roll and churn the food around and pour on secretions from the gastric glands The ileum The remainder of the small intestine, known as the ileum, is mainly concerned with the absorption of the now fully digested food. It is specially adapted for this by: †¢ long length. †¢ folded interior. †¢ lining covered in many thousands of tiny projections called villi. †¢ epithelial cells of villi covered in microvilli, projections so small that they can only be detected using an electron microscope. The liver The liver is a large dark-red organ. It has a multitude of vital functions in the body, one of which is to produce bile. Bile contains no enzymes at all, but it provides important bile salts that cause the emulsification of fats (lipids) in the duodenum The pancreas The pancreas is a slim, leaf-shaped gland, located between the intestines and the stomach, close to the duodenum. It secretes enzyme-rich pancreatic juice as well as alkaline salts needed to neutralise the acidic secretions from the stomach. Pancreatic enzymes go to work on all three macronutrients (protein, fat and carbohydrate) and are important agents for the complete breakdown of the complex food molecules into amino acids, glucose and similar simple sugars, fatty acids and glycerol. Major products of digestion -Peptides and amino acids are nitrogenous compounds. Sugars -Glycerol and fatty acids – glycerol is used for energy or reconverting fatty acids into a form of fat which can be stored. -Fat is stored under the skin and around organs where it forms a long-term energy store to be used after glycogen stores are depleted. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4osMUZqXDv4Cpg=PA223lpg=PA223dq=circulate+blood,+lymph+and+tissue+fluid+throughout+the+body;+it+is+necessary+for+breathing+and+taking+in+oxygen;+it+is+necessary+for+making+new+cells+for+carrying+out+growth+and+repair;+it+is+used+to+transmit+nerve+impulses+so+that+it+can+respond+to+changes+in+the+environment;+and+it+is+needed+to+build+different+complex+molecules+such+as+enzymes+and+hormones+from+the+simple+molecules+produced+after+digestion+of+food.source=blots=H2vrAem_qwsig=Hm34STuu06FNY2oXXPVbgrRVjzwhl=ensa=Xei=55fQUNTWHPSS0QX72oDoBQved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=onepageq=circulate%20blood%2C%20lymph%20and%20tissue%20fluid%20throughout%20the%20body%3B%20it%20is%20necessary%20for%20breathing%20and%20taking%20in%20oxygen%3B%20it%20is%20necessary%20for%20making%20new%20cells%20for%20carrying%20out%20growth%20and%20repair%3B%20it%20is%20used%20to%20transmit%20nerve%20impulses%20so%20that%20it%20can%20respond%20to%20changes%20in%20the%20environment%3B%20and%20it%20i s%20needed%20to%20build%20different%20complex%20molecules%20such%20as%20enzymes%20and%20hormones%20from%20the%20simple%20molecules%20produced%20after%20digestion%20of%20food.f=false

Cystic Fibrosis Essay example -- essays research papers

Cystic fibrosis is the most common autosomal recessive genetic disease of white Indo-Europeans (Caucasians). Three main systems are usually affected by cystic fibrosis. These include the lungs and respiratory tract, the digestive tract (especially the pancreas and intestines) and the sweat glands. The lungs will normally have a thick mucus line them in cases of cystic fibrosis which requires physiotherapy to dislodge the mucus and create sputum. The digestive enzymes that would come from the pancreas are blocked by the thick mucus; thus the person afflicted with the disease has trouble digesting foods that are high in fat and protein. In cases that involve cystic fibrosis the salt that is lost during perspiration is much more than in "normal" situations. The upper respiratory tract is normally lined with a little bit of mucus that is sent out of the lung by the constant movement of the cilia that line the respiratory tree. "It is clear from detailed research that poor mucus clearance is not due to uneven ciliary beating. However, there is no doubt that mucus is poorly cleared against gravity in the presence of bacterial infection" (Harris 13-14). The pancreas itself secretes fluids that aid in the digestion and absorption of food in all of us. When cystic fibrosis is present these enzymes are not going where they are needed. Most of the time there is need for supplemental nutrients, supplemental minerals, and/or dietary management. In the case of dietary management there is a plan for seven to eight small meals throughout the day. "This meal pattern enables the patient to consume more food without feeling too full and enhances the utilization of nutrients" (Ekvall 391). The sweat gland of a cystic fibrosis patient, when viewed under the microscope appears normal. The secretions that the gland gives off are where the abnormality occurs. "It is known that the basic defect in cystic fibrosis is expressed as an abnormal regulation of the movements of salt across the layer of cells that line certain specialized ducts such as the sweat gland duct" (Harris 26). This causes a great deal of salt loss and therefore requires most cystic fibrosis patients to ingest salt pills to compensate for the loss. When all of the treatments are used together most patients of this fateful disease live long happy lives. The physiotherapy... ...te as easily. Whether it is because the treatment did not get started early enough, or the disease is out of control death is a factor that must be considered in most cases involving cystic fibrosis. Death will come to all of one day, but it may come earlier to some. The problems that some families may have with their communication can cause great pain and suffering when it comes time to dealing with the death of a loved one. "The long standing problems of communication that exist in many family groups may be accentuated when the prospect of death shows itself" (Bowers 58). Cystic fibrosis is a disease that can take the life of some one who is very close to our hearts. Education of the treatments, side effects, and problems involving this disease is key to winning the battle against it. The more people can know about different situations that better. If there is some one in a school that has this disease try to educate the entire school about this person's situation so that the entire student body can help in the fight. If educators and students all join in the fight, this disease can be kept down and help those afflicted lead as "normal" a life as possible.