Assignment on strategic business management and planning

Assignment on strategic business management and planning These thee views are on the purpose and cooperate social responsibility (CSR) of an organization. What people expect an organization to achieve and what influence people can have over an organizations purpose. It is important to understand their expectations, how these might differ from each other and extend to which they likely to influence the organizations purpose and strategy. Collectively these people are called organizational stakeholders. Stakeholders, are those individuals or groups who depend on the organization to fulfill their own goals and on whom, in turn, the organization depends. Important external stakeholders would usually include shareholders, financial institutions, customers and suppliers. CSR involves a business identifying its stakeholder groups and incorporating their needs and values within the strategic and day-to-day decision-making process. First, Milton Friedman is in the view that the sole purpose of a business is to maximize profit. He believes that the only corporate social responsibility a company has is to increase profit. This is where an organization in the view that the only responsibility of business is the short-term interest of shareholders or private owners of small companies. It dismisses or only just meets the minimum obligations on internal aspects such as employee welfare, working conditions, and job satisfaction and eternal aspects like environment issues, human rights, community activities and markets also that the market will regulate itself without any need for externally induced controls. Purchase or sale of a product will be determined and/or regulated by the market in compliance with the free choice of individuals. Ideally, there would be no need for external ethical controls. This is especially evident in small private companies because they are only answerable to a limited stakeholder groups. The Second, stakeholder view by Charles Handy, is to achieve financials benefits to the shareholders or owners through profits but in contrast to the earlier view profits will not be the sole responsibility of an organization. He would not define business exclusively in terms of individualist self-interest of profit maximization but, rather, in terms of a behavioral efficiency of benefit to both individuals and society that is operates. The justification for social action is that of an organizations reputation is important to its long-term financial growth. An effective CSR policy will infuse all aspects of operations. Its believed that actions businesses take today to incorporate CSR throughout the organization represent a real point of differentiation and competitive market advantage on which future success will be manifested. This takes the view that organizations not only have responsibility to their shareholders but also have a responsibility for well-balanced relationship with other stakeholders both internal and external. As the companies stakeholder interest gets wider organizations social responsibility gets wider. There is a direct relationship between clarity of purpose and integrity of purpose to be fully effective, staff must be happy and confident as well as clear about what they are asked to do. Customers must be happy that they are purchasing good quality products/services from an honest company. The community must be happy that it is supporting a principled and sound organization. (Contemporary Strategic Management- R.Pettinger, page 317) The third view, Society and shareholders are becoming one and the same, Performance of an organization should be measured in a much more pluralistic way than just through its financial bottom line, the attitudes of these companies are more socially progressive than others. If the mangers concentrate on the success of their organization by undertaking unethical activities that damage the society that will not bring into line with the stakeholder expectations. Its in the best interest in the society if all the firms are behaving responsibly which results in success of the economic system as a whole. CSR covers all aspects of a business day-to-day operations. Everything an organization does in some way interacts with one or more of its stakeholder groups, and companies today need to build a sound brand with respect to all stakeholders. Whether as an employer, producer, buyer, supplier, or investment, the attractiveness and success of a company today is directly linked to the strength of its brand. CSR affects all aspects of all operations within a corporation because of the need to consider the needs of all constituent groups. Each area builds on all the others to create a composite of the corporation in the eyes of all stakeholder groups. Companies in this view retain uneconomical production in the aim of preserving jobs. As the stakeholder diversity of expectations get wider companies will adapt this approach. Organizations are often finding themselves in a dilemma where they need to be financially profitable to meet the shareholder demand and trying to protect and improve the interest in the society. They need to balance their own interests with that of their employee and communities. This includes considerations as to how the conflicting demand of different stakeholders will be reconciled. Also, we can view that wider the stakeholder interest expand the social responsibility get much more important to an organization. (Exploring Cooperate Strategy 7th Edition, G.Johnson, K.Scholes R.Whittington page 190) In general, the goal of any economic system should be to further the general social welfare. The purpose of business should extend beyond the maximization of efficiency and profit. Increasingly, society expects businesses to have an obligation to the society in which they are located, to the people they employ, and their customers, beyond their traditional bottom-line and narrow shareh older concerns What are the implications of these differing views for managers development of organizational strategy? Strategy is concerned with the long-term direction, the direction that the organization should be taking and the type of action required to achieve its objectives. Different views given on the Illustration 4.6 can have a fundamental effect on the purpose or the direction of an organization, which will result in a difference in strategies that are pursued. The expectations and the power of the stakeholders will influence the strategic decision-making. Additionally, companies adopting CSR is important to the development of organizations business strategy because, wherever possible, consumers want to buy products from companies they trust; suppliers want to form business partnerships with companies they can rely on; employees want to work for companies they respect; and NGOs, increasingly, want to work together with companies seeking feasible solutions and innovations in areas of common concern. Satisfying each of these stakeholder groups allows companies to maximize their commitment to another important stakeholder group, their investors, who benefit most when the needs of these other stakeholders are meet. Therefore, CSR policy adapted will a key issue in developing company strategy. At the macro environment level, the stakeholder expectation range from laissez-faire organization at one extreme to organizations as shapers of society at the other. The extend to which organization will exceed its minimum obligations to stakeholders and society at large will be a key issue that mangers have to understand in strategy creation. Company may looking at value maximizing by increasing profits will influence the strategic planners in developing its strategies by concentrating on overall cost reduction throughout the value chain, product or service differentiation, or concentrating on a Nish market focus. On the other hand companies following stakeholder theories will develop strategies trying to fulfill obligations to the society at large. At individual level, cultural aspect, behavior and actions of individuals within and organization is clearly important for the management of the organization. With the first view by Milton Friedman, Profit maximization does not accommodate individual beliefs; individual satisfaction who ever does one respond to a situation where there is a conflict between the personal beliefs and the company business decisions has no recourse but to resign. This will affect management that formulating strategy with there, own beliefs and values. Additionally, companies have to consider Internal factors such as the capability of the organization to follow the proposed plan strategy. Each of the above views will attract varied staff to the organization. Operational factors the technological production process and the method of production process will change the strategic decision out come on each of the above views taking to an example which technology will be affected. Is the company looking at only product output or does it look at impact on job loss or environment letdowns. External factors this is about social, community, or outside pressure from interested parties such as employee federations on employee safety measures or trade unions on minimum wage. The result would be different stakeholder interests and there interactions heavily influence the strategic choice, the whole strategy making process is subject to constant review. The end result is ideally an organization strategy that is both effective and acceptable. (Contemporary Strategic Management- R. Pettinger page 317) Stakeholders represent more challenges than opportunities Appraise the conflicting needs, power, and influence of stakeholders. Different stakeholder groups varied expected needs and the power they have over the organizations would affect the purpose and choices that I will seek. Internal Influence is likely to occur only because individuals share expectations with others by being a part of a stakeholder group, which may be departments, geographical locations or different level of hierarchy. Individuals may belong to more than one stakeholder group and stakeholder groups will gather together differently depending on the issue in hand because inside an organization few individuals have sufficient power to determine and make a impact on their alone. External stakeholders from the market environment such as shareholders, suppliers, distributors, sometimes, external stakeholders may seek influence through their link with the internal stakeholders. For example sub-contacted distribution will pressure on the marketing and advertizing strategies. Stakeholders from the social/political environment like policy makers, regulators, government agencies and the stakeholders in the technological environment such as owners of competitive technologies with conflicting expectations, each environment seeking different outcomes in different situations, sometimes different outcomes in one situation. For example new technological advancement that brings in competitor advantage clearly falls inline with the technological group whilst the non-bio degradable waste it generates contradicts to social and political stakeholder expectations resulting in massive outraged environmentalist and political pressure. Additionally, the ability of individuals or stakeholder groups to persuade an organization to follow a certain course of action will have influence over organizations purpose and strategic decisions. The individual or group, who holds the position or the hierarchy, carries the power with in the organization. For example the Managing Director uses his formal powers to participate and sponsor a local tennis tournament for young teenagers tennis players. The type of relationship which organization might establish with the external stakeholders will determine the extent of power over the organization. Is the, organization accountable to one stakeholder, or group? Stakeholders are not usually homogeneous it contain a variety of subdivisions/groups with different level of power, too much subdivision makes decision-making challenging and confusing. The reliance on resources in terms of shareholders, lenders or heavy dependence on one supplier or customer will give them the power over the fi rm. Hence, company will have to prioritize or find a correct match to satisfying the entire stakeholder group. These raise some difficult issues for mangers in deciding and implementing strategic change due to high level of varied expectations and power of diverse stakeholder groups with conflicting thoughts. But usually managers are in a powerful position within organization to influence the expectation of other stakeholders. They have access to information and channels of influence, which are not available to many other stakeholders. Even though stakeholder represents challengers to the manager who work on strategy, the real power behind the throne lies on the managers in constructing strategies to suit their own purpose and managing stakeholder expectations to ensure acceptance by the entire society. How can Organizations manage shareholder conflicts and handle issues of ethics, corporate governance and regulation? Conflicts of interests are more or else likely to arise between different groups in the governance chain (governance chain is where a typical reporting structure giving the flow of reports and actions from the beneficiaries of an organization to the mangers making the decisions) for individual managers or the owners (shareholders) or directors as they seek to balance these various interests. Directors and the managers have an obligation to fulfill their role in their capacity to the organization, but their own self-interests might be in expense of shareholder expectations. This is where the importance of both the role of the board and the disclosure of information to other stakeholders were developed, through corporate governance regulations. Directors responsibility to shareholders is a very important issue. The guiding principle in UK is that boards of directors are responsible to shareholders but must also be responsible for relationship with other stakeholders and take into accou nt their interests. Additionally, the way in which targets, budgets and rewards are structured has an influence the way in which managers and other people perform and, return will decide the extent to which the shareholder best interest being perused. In general governance chain challenges directors and managers to be knowledgeable about the expectations of the shareholders/owners, to constantly work towards achieving their needs and keep them informed, but self-interests of directors and managers might differ from the shareholder expectations, the power between the different players in the governance chain pursuing their own interests make it difficult, not only that very different levels of access to information make it even more difficult, on the contrary self interest need to be encouraged to achieve the interest of the beneficiaries as well. This is where the corporate governing bodies usually come in to play, through initially concerned on the internal financial controls and external disclosure of information later on broadening of internal control requirement beyond simply financial controls and looked at the role and effectiveness of non-executive directors. These implications by the government meant that director and mangers must be more proactive in addressing the interests of the beneficiaries requiring them to change there behavior of following self-interest, where large number of whom have focused in increasing their personal financial rewards often disregarding the consequences of their behavior on the final beneficiaries of the company performance. (Exploring Corporate Strategy 7th Edition-G.Johnson, K.Scholes R.Whittington Page 170-171) Critically analyze the contents and relevance of the mission statement for each of the three different organizations (page 165), with regards to their goals, values and objectives. Mission statement is an image that a business must have of its aims and goals translated into written form. It gives specific sight of the direction and purpose of an organization. For many corporate leaders it is a vital part of their attempt to motivate employees and to set priorities. (The economist Guide to management ideas and gurus- Tim Hindle). A clear, thoughtful mission provides employees with a shared sense of purpose, direction and opportunity. To define its mission, a company should address Druckers classic questions: What is our business? Who is our customer? What is of value to the customers? What will the business be? Successful companies continuously ask them and answer them thoughtfully and thoroughly. (Marketing Management P.Kotler, K.Keller, M.Brady M.Goodman Page 88) Some organizations use the term vision statement some even have both vision and mission statements (Tata Steel). A vision and a mission can be one and the same but the concepts through are not necessarily the same. Broadly vision refers to future intentions and mission delivering present ones. If there is substantial disagreement within the organization or with stakeholders as to its mission vision it may result in real problems in strategic direction of the organization. Mission st atements are at their best when they reflect a vision, which provides a direction for the company. Mission statements help organizations to focus their strategy by defining boundaries within which each organization to operate. Tata Steel, for example, has said it is strive to strengthen Indias industrial base through effective utilization of staff and material by using high technology and productivity. It is not, evidently, going to enter the business with trend setting designs for European market or providing a safer India. The Metropolitan Police, for example needs to nurture and safe guard the sociality the goal should be to achieve A safer London its mission has said working together for a safer London shows the overall goal and the specific outcome it need to achieve. Villeroy Boch, for example, have a different goal a different objective from that of the earlier two, they are in a constantly changing market needing them to be innovative trend setting company which highlighted in there mission statement to be the leading European lifestyle brand with high competence and tren d setting for high end design and living therefore, company mission statement helps to focus their strategy though emphasizing on goals and specific objectives it need to achieve. A recurring problem has been that managers and employees lower down the hierarchys lack of commitment, competencies, continues improvement, and unclear communication as to how day to day work contribute to the overall strategic direction may lead the mission statement to become a bland idealistic blur. Mission statement defines the scope along which an organizations performance is to be measured and judged. Other than, making profit. Tata Steel, for example, said that it considered itself successful through continue to improve the quality of life of there employees and the community they serve, upholding the spirit and values of Tatas towards national building. Organizations often acknowledge their responsibility to other stakeholders as well, mentioning their attitude to employees Villeroy Boch, for example, says in the long run a strong market position can only be achieved by having innovative and committed employees. Our priority task is to motivate them and cultivate their team spirit, encourage them to achieve personal and joint goals or to customers Metropolitan Police, for example, says we will have pride in delivering quality policing. There is no greater priority, we will build trust by listening and responding. Apart from the financial profits objective, others are diffi cult to quantify or express in measurable terms to revitalize the core business for a sustainable future is highly relevant to Tata Steel and todays environment, but it may become absurd if it has to be expressed in some measurable way. Nonetheless its an important goal that Tata need to achieve. It suggests standards for individual ethical behavior. For example, Villeroy Boch had what it called Five values One philosophy. Among them were: Responsibility- we feel obligated not only to our employees, shareholders and customers, but also to the environment and society Metropolitan Police is a non-profit entity in the solely view to be socially responsible. Tata Steel, for example, points out to overall, the company seeks to scale the heights of excellence in all that it does in an atmosphere free from fear, and thereby reaffirms its faith in democratic values it shows that Tata is socially align with the Indian government and pressure groups in creating, developing and maintaining democratic social life style in India. Even though, ethical values are embedded in a organizations mission its not its core expectation or the most essential for the management to focus its attention, except for The Metropolitan Police, this will surface after meeting its number of priority requirem ents, for example, in the event of a choice between making a loss or closing down where people will lose jobs company will prioritize not to loose money. Goals are things companies intend to achieve. Objectives are the steps we take along the way toward achieving Goals. Tactics are elements of going about accomplishing Objectives. Strategy is the overarching plan to use our unique competitive advantages to achieve our stated Goals through the use of specific and measurable Objectives and Tactics in pursuit of mission. Business lays out a set of tactics and objectives to be achieved that move towards the achievement of the strategic goals. The strategic goals guide the choice of objectives and the tactics employed. They provide direction for the business. Evaluate theories for and against systematic development of mission statements, values and objectives and suggest how you would have improved on the mission statement of the three organizations with reference to their purpose, strategy, values and behavioral standards. One or more stakeholders may expect corporate values, vision, mission and objectives of the organizations. But in some instances these statements might be formal requirements of corporate governance. Illustration 4.5 is an example The Metropolitan Police of the Government of London. Regardless of the reason it must be highlighted that these statements may not be accurate reflection of the priorities within the organization. (Exploring Corporate Strategy Johnson, Scholes Whittington 7th Edition page 207-209) Development of mission statement, corporate values and objectives is a carefully articulated process where a managers setting a project team to survey throughout the organization to check validity and usefulness of a such goal, gathering of information from current stakeholders and their perception of the organization, recommendations for improvements and suggestions to amend and update through consultation with workforce and customers and communication throughout the company in a appropriate way. They answer the question What business are we in? or Why we exist? and reflect basic function in a society in terms of products and services (Mintzberg) it creates the core values the principles that guide an organizations actions for example We will build trust by listening and responding The Metropolitan Police, it describes the unique purpose and direction of an organization for example To be the leading European lifestyle brand Villeroy Boch, it helps to differentiate from its compe tition for example the company seeks to scale the heights of excellence in all that it does in an atmosphere free from fear, and thereby reaffirm its faith in democratic values Tata Steel, reflects benefits to customers and state key values to all stakeholders for example to continue to improve the quality of life of our employees and the communities we serve Tata Steel give value to its employees, Earning oriented growth, high and constant rates of return and appropriate dividends Villeroy Boch shows companies direction towards growth and profitability to its shareholders. Although, most companies operate with a wide range of goals and objectives the central goal of most organizations is to maximize shareholder returns, and to extend shareholder returns fully it requires being highly profitable and high growth. However, it is important that top managers not to overemphasize current profitability to detriment of long-term profitability and profit growth. The overzealous pursuit of current profitability to maximize short term performance can encourage much misguide managerial action cutting expenditure judged to be non essential in the short run for example, Research and development expenditure, marketing expenditure. Although cutting current expenditure increases current profit levels, the under investment will result in, lack of innovation and diminishing marketing can jeopardize long term profitability and profit growth. (Essential Strategic Management Hill, Jones Page 31) The organizations mission, and objectives guide this expenditure. The companys mission statement directs the pursuit of long-term goals and sustaining organizations competitive advantage and profitability over time. Therefore, a well thought out mission will identify all stakeholder groups and weight their relative rights and abilities to affect the firms success. (Formulation, implementation and control of competitive strategy Pearce, Robinson page 68-69) As mentioned above both vision and mission is inspirational, it talks about the future and present intentions of an organization. They try to motivate personal employees to seek and achieve the articulated vision. It tries to attract the future investment through its existing shareholders and perspective investors. However, if organizations demonstrably fail to live up or keep the statements to mere showpiece and doesnt put out in practice it will be a de-motivator for the work force as well as it will fail to impress stakeholders. For example if Tata Steel doesnt act to improve the quality of life of its employees what will happen to the workforce? Well it might result in high labor turnover or low productivity that will boil down to company failure. Same way if Villeroy Boch neglects its environmental obligations the long term growth and profitability might be affected. Therefore, organizations need to strike a balance. Additionally, mission statement need to be continuous in tha t they summarize an organizations purpose. The values and objectives need to be evaluated at different level of time and restated as ones are achieved. TATA STEEL Need to create a sense of pride, as employees need to be empowered that they are working for an Indias number one and currently a top global player in the industry. The company wants to effectively utilize its staff but it lacks in emphasizing and focusing its core resource fully. Further, Tata Steel has failed to define an overarching aim like what Valleroy Boch To be the leading European lifestyle brand it sets the company attitude and culture through a clear direction. THE METROPOLITAN PLOICE It describes its main activity, function in society, the unique purpose and scope of its operation for a safer London the mission statement works well for a purpose oriented establishment but I would have included the human rights responsibility to the community. To develop a balanced properly respected society. Further, to depart from racism and discrimination from the officers. As well as try to incorporate the objectives to reduce overall drug and crime rate and the fear of crime. VILLEROY BOCH The company has established clear future intentions with focusing on limited number of goals, excellent future stability, has pointed out companies major policies, value and culture. Villeroy Boch, have define its major competitive spheres by identifying its market segment, industry and competencies. The five values have provided reassurance to its shareholders, confidence to the society and customers, given a knockout punch by sending signals of strengths to its competitors and have created sense of pride and value for its employees. Only thing that I view is it not brief. Ideally a mission statement should be brief and flexible. If its too long and bulky it tends to loose its essence. The key is the prime purpose of a mission statement it is important for organizations to live up to the promises they declare.

Buddhism in Sculpture Essay -- essays research papers

Image that is recognized all around the world, name that does not take time remembering when that image is seen, a half naked man sitting in a meditative pose - some god, as seen by most people, Buddha is a messenger of internal peace that has as much of a story behind him as Jesus or Allah. Religions iconography and gods represented in sculptures always have a great deal of symbolism involved in them. Nothing ordinary person would look into these days until the topic is confronted unavoidably through a class or a show in a museum, which I was lucky enough to take a part of recently.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Every Buddhist statue tells a story of its own. Educated person can say where the statue comes from and which time period it comes from just by looking at certain features, which proves the unique developments in eastern art, art that is so similar and different at the same time. Statues originating from same countries a lot of times are made of the same materials and are decorated in ways that trace throughout the region. For example there are three major features that characterize the Luang Prabang Buddha in comparison to those of the neighboring countries. The usanisa (cranial protuberance) is always embellished with a stylized flame; the earlobe unusually long is shaped like a snail shell; and the urna or divine frontal sign is never represented.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is something unique about the statuary representations of Buddha that sets Buddh...

Expressive Art Essay

My expressive essay concerns the portraits of two artists, Francis Bacon and Pablo Picasso. Two such protraits are â€Å"self protrait† 1971 by Bacon and â€Å"weeping woman† 1937 by Picasso. I believe that both these paintings have been strongly influenced by their own life experiences. Francis Bacon was born on the 28th of October 1909 and he died on the 28th of April 1992. Bacon was born in Dublin, to parents of British descent. Captain Anthony Edward Mortimer Bacon, his father, was a veteran of the boer war he then became a rae horse trainer. Chirstina Winifred Firth, his mother, was an heiress to a Sheffield steel business and coal mine. Bacon had four siblings- an older brother, Harley, two older sisters, Lanthe and Winifred, and a younger brother, Edward. Bacon was a figurative painter known for his bold, graphic and emotional raw imagery. He began painting in his early 20s but he never considered it a profession until his mid 30s. Before this time he drifted, earning a living as an interior decorator and a designer of furniture and rugs. Later in his life Bacon said he had put of being an artist because he spent too long looking for work that would sustain his interest. Bacon became more popular in 1944 with â€Å"three studies for figures at the base of a crucifixtion† released in the mid 1960s. Bacon mainly produced portrait heads of friends. His artistic output often saw him focus on single themes for sustained periods- including crucifixtion. Following the 1971 suicide of his lover George Dyer, Bacon’s art became more personal, inward looking and preoccupied with themes and motifs of death. Despite his existentialist outlook on life expressed through his paintings, Bacon always appeared to prefer the finer things in life, spending a vast amount of time eating, drinking and gambling in Londons Soho with Lucian Freud, John Deakin, Daniel Farson, Patrick Swift, Jeffrey Benard, Muriel Belcher and Henrietta Moraes. After Dyers death Bacon began to distance himself from this crowd and became less involved with rough trade to settle in a relationship with his eventual heir, John Edwards. Since his death in 1992, Bacons reputation has steadily grown he was the subject of two major Tate retrospectives during his lifetime and recieved a third in 2008. Bacon was a self-taught painter who destroyed a large part of his output, so much so that virtually none of his early work has survived. Firstly I am going to analyse Francis Bacons portrait â€Å"Self Portrait† 1971. I feel that Francis Bacon’s Self portrait is a dark, cold and harsh reflection of how he sees himself. He hasn’t made the self portrait realistic but expressive of his emotional state. It suggests to me a man that is so twisted in emotions, so distorted from the reality of himself that he has this twisted sad view of himself. When I look at this picture I do not see a man who is at the height of his career but a man who is torn apart by something in himself. Perhaps this was triggered by the death of his lover dyer (who died that year while in Paris together to attend the retrospect of Bacons work). The painting its self is oil on canvas, the brush strokes are very expressive. The colour choice is dark in intensity yet made harsher by the use of white, with a touch of blue to really enhance it atmospherically. The white with the icy blue gives it a cold ghostly edge while his eye’s are completely black just mirroring the cold. This makes him very detached from the viewer, putting them on edge. This artwork is like looking in to the soul of the artist, giving the artwork a sense of vulnerability because looking into the soul of someone is to be at a personal level with someone, it is an invasion of space but the subject matter can’t do anything about this intimacy. Some say â€Å"the blacks of the eyes are the windows to the soul†. Pablo Picasso was born in Malaga in Spain on the 25th of October 1881. His father was an artist and a professor of art. His mother was part Italian. She claimed that Picasso’s first spoken word was â€Å"pencil.† As a child, it was obvious that picasso was a talented artist, in fact, when his father realized what a great artist the young picasso was, he felt too embarrassed to call himself an artist and decleared that he would never paint again. Instead, he gave all his paint brushes and other materials to his son. As a young man picasso studied art in Madrid at the Academia de San Fernando, but didn’t finish the course. Instead, he moved to Paris in 1900 where at first, life was hard. It is said that he would sometimes burn paintings to heat up his lodgings. Picasso eventually setteled into life in Paris and although he was Spanish spent the majority of his life in France, and became a French speaker. This explains why his paintings have French names. From 1901 he began to sign his paintings ‘picasso.’ He married twice and fathered four children with three woman- Picasso was known as a relentless womanizer and a charmer. His first wife Olga Khokhlova was a Russian ballerina. Picasso painted her many times, the most famous painting of her is one of her sitting in an armchair painted in 1917. Picasso re-married many years after Olga’s death. He married Jacqueline Rogue in 1961. Rogue worked in the medovra pottery on the french Riviera- this was the pottery where picassos ceramic works were produced. Rogue and Picasso remained married for the rest of Picasso’s life. Picasso’s work is divided into periods. The Blue period (1901-1904), The Rose period (1905-1907), The African period (1908-1909), The Analytic cubism period (1909-1912), The Synthetic cubism period (1912-1919), The Classicism and Surrealism period (1918-1936). Picasso also created sculptures. One of his most famous sculptures is a fifty-foot high shape in Chicago. Nobody knows what the shape is intended to be. This sculpture is referred to as The Chicago Picasso. It was reveled in 1967 and Picasso refused to be paid for it, preferring to make it a gist to the town of Chicago. Picasso died on the 8th of April, 1972, aged 92. He produced more works of art than any other artist. Following his death, many of his works were placed in a museum in Paris named Le Musee Picasso. There are two more museums dedicated to Picasso- one is in his birth place, Malago, and the other is in Barcelona where he lived for some of his youth. One of the worst atrocities of the Spanish Civil War was the bombing of the Basque town of Guernica by the German air force. Picasso responded to the massacre by painting â€Å"weeping woman† 1937. The woman’s features are based on Picasso’s lover Dora Maar.

Physical Developments And Emotional Interest - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1209 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/03/22 Category Health Essay Level High school Tags: Drug Abuse Essay Did you like this example? The years of adolescence are a strange time as there are both physical developments and emotional interest changes. During these years, adolescents usually seek out new experience, crave adventure, and take risks to form their identity. According to statistics, approximately forty-percent of seniors in high school will have taken an illegal drug. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Physical Developments And Emotional Interest" essay for you Create order Although trying drugs may fulfill normal developmental drives, it is unhealthy and comes with serious and negative long-term consequences. Many of these desires are explained through the environmental factors of the teen along with Eriksons stages of psychological development. By understanding of the identity vs. role confusion stage experienced by these adolescence (ages 12-18), strategies can be developed to prevent drug abuse in the youth. As mentioned before, these years not only from the lack of a carved-out identity, but also from environmental factors. First and foremost, the family household is an important factor. If the individual lives in a household where violence, physical or emotional abuse, mental illness, or drug use in the house is present, they are more likely to use drugs. In these sorts of instances, drugs are used to handle the home issues or are influenced by the using family members. When not at home, teens must deal with pressure from their friends and outside society. This peer pressure allows them to become vulnerable and copy the behaviors of those around them. If refusing the participate, social status tends to decrease as they are called lame or boring. This social status boost tends to give confidence to adolescence, especially when referring to a shy individual. Occurring mental disorders increases the possibility of substance abuse as well. Teens that suffer with focusing in their academics, lack impulse control, or suffer from depression and anxiety turn to different substances to cope with their problems. The most common drugs seen in this include unprescribed pharmacy pills, such as Adderall to help focus in class, or marijuana to settle the negative thoughts. Lastly, the development of the adolescent plays a significant factor as well. The use of drugs can begin at any age, but the earlier it begins, the more likely it is to turn into an unbreakable habit. This is more likely to occur in teens because the frontal lobe has not fully developed, decision making and self-control are difficult to keep under control. The tougher the environment, the genetics, and home life for the individual, the more likely they are to become acti ve drug users. According to Eriksons stages of psychological development, adolescence between the ages of twelve and eighteen are experiencing the identity vs. role confusion stage. Teens are exploring different roles and ideas, setting goals, and attempting to discover their true selves. Teenagers are more vulnerable to these risky actions because the brain is still developing, and maturity has not been fully developed. Because of this, their judgement and decision-making skills are limited. In addition, the prefrontal cortex and its connections to other brain regions are incompletely developed. This part of the brain is responsible for assessing situations and controlling our emotions and impulses. People in early adulthood, between the ages of 19-21 and further, are concerned with Eriksons stage of intimacy vs. isolation. The sense of self should have been developed during the previous stage; however, there are instances when it has not been established. In this instance, young adults have difficulty developing and maintaining relationships and friendships. The older teenagers get and transition into the adult stage, lifes stresses and realities are exposed. During these stressful times, especially if it was not experienced prior to this stage, the brain will automatically focus on the wound and leaves the individual unable to comprehend or move on as life does. This is seen as a mental defense mechanism, but when it hits a certain point there is no going back. The use of illegal substances will usually come out prevent the individual from continuing life. As a result, feelings of loneliness and isolation occur, which can decrease confidence, and turn the individual to a negative life of drugs to cure the pain. From the use of drugs, the brain changes occur over time and challenges the addicted person and interferes the ability to resist the temptations to take drugs. For these reasons, adolescents are a target for prevention messages, promoting drug-free behavior, and giving the youth encouragement skills to avoid the temptations. Young adults are vulnerable to begin using drugs, it is important to strategize to prevent drug misuse and addiction. The earlier the individual starts using drugs, it increases a persons chances of becoming addicted for the rest of their life. The beginning of preventing this drug abuse starts at home by talking to the teenager. Asking views, discussing reasons not to engage, and being able to share honest experiences helps the adolescent to understand they are not alone and that temptations will come their way. Establishing rules, knowing the friends the teenager surrounds themselves with, and setting a good example help as well. Talking to children at a young age is important as the national drug use survey indicate that some children begin to use drugs at the ages of twelve or thirteen. To take it one step further, sometimes parents talking to their children does not help very much. Prevention programs are placed in both middle and high schools. These programs work to boost protective factors and eliminate them. There are three different types of prevention programs: universal programs, selective programs, and indicated programs. Universal programs are used to address risk factors common to all children in a common setting, such as at school or within their community. Selective programs are for groups of children and teens who have specific factors that put them at increased risk of drug use. Children and adolescents that live in disruptive neighborhoods or suffer from abuse at home is usually targeted for this program to prevent the use. If the youth are already engaged in the use of drugs, indicated programs are placed to help steer them to a more positive, drug-free life. However, prevention programs are not one-hundred percent effective. Some adolescents fall into temptation, thus beginning a possible drug addiction, if this is the case, it is important to focus on the behavior of the individual, rather than on them themselves. Drug abuse in the lives of young adults is becoming more common as approximately half of college students have been offered, sold, or used illegal drugs. In addition, sixty percent of seniors in high school do not see marijuana as harmful. Because of this mentality, the use and abuse of drugs is becoming harder to control. Not only is it becoming more common amongst the youth, it is also glorified in media as children and teenagers view their favorite music artist and television and movie stars participate in the use of illegal substances. Despite how common this is becoming, it is preventable. It is important to remember that drug addiction is treatable and can be managed through teachers, parents, and health care providers educating the youth and setting boundaries. In addition, this disease is a result of a combination of genetic, environmental, and developmental risk factors that can be preventable through positivity and understanding the significance of Eriksons stages of development.